Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Contents ix Velocity Head .......................................................................................................................54 Total Dynamic Head (Total System Head) ...........................................................................54 Pressure/Head .......................................................................................................................54 Head/Pressure ....................................................................................................................... 55 Flow/Discharge Rate: Water in Motion ...........................................................................................55 Area/Velocity ........................................................................................................................ 57 Pressure/Velocity ..................................................................................................................58 Piezometric Surface and Bernoulli’s Theorem ................................................................................58 Conservation of Energy ........................................................................................................ 59 Energy Head .........................................................................................................................59 Piezometric Surface ..............................................................................................................59 Head Loss .............................................................................................................................60 Hydraulic Grade Line ..........................................................................................................60 Bernoulli’s Theorem ............................................................................................................. 61 Bernoulli’s Equation ............................................................................................................. 61 Hydraulic Machines (Pumps) ..........................................................................................................64 Pumping Hydraulics .............................................................................................................65 Well and Wet Well Hydraulics .........................................................................................................66 Well Hydraulics ....................................................................................................................66 Wet Well Hydraulics .............................................................................................................67 Friction Head Loss ...........................................................................................................................68 Flow in Pipelines ..................................................................................................................68 Pipe and Open Flow Basics ..................................................................................................68 Major Head Loss ...................................................................................................................70 Components of Major Head Loss ..............................................................................70 Calculating Major Head Loss ....................................................................................70 C Factor................................................................................................................................. 71 Slope .................................................................................................................................... 71 Minor Head Loss .................................................................................................................. 71 Basic Pumping Hydraulics ...............................................................................................................72 Piping ....................................................................................................................................72 Piping Networks ...................................................................................................................73 Energy Losses in Pipe Networks ..........................................................................................73 Pipes in Series .......................................................................................................................73 Pipes in Parallel .................................................................................................................... 74 Open-Channel Flow ......................................................................................................................... 74 Characteristics of Open-Channel Flow ................................................................................ 75 Laminar and Turbulent Flow ................................................................................................ 75 Uniform and Varied Flow ..................................................................................................... 75 Critical Flow ......................................................................................................................... 75 Parameters Used in Open-Channel Flow ............................................................................. 75 Hydraulic Radius ....................................................................................................... 75 Hydraulic Depth ......................................................................................................... 76 Slope (S) .....................................................................................................................77 Open-Channel Flow Calculations ........................................................................................77 Open-Channel Flow: The Bottom Line ................................................................................ 78 Flow Measurement ...........................................................................................................................80 Flow Measurement: The Old-Fashioned Way .................................................................................80 Basis of Traditional Flow Measurement ............................................................................... 81
x The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications Flow Measuring Devices ................................................................................................................. 81 Differential Pressure Flowmeters .........................................................................................82 Operating Principle ...............................................................................................................82 Types of Differential Pressure Flowmeters ..........................................................................83 Orifi ce ......................................................................................................................83 Venturi ......................................................................................................................84 Nozzle ......................................................................................................................84 Pitot Tube ...................................................................................................................85 Magnetic Flowmeters ...........................................................................................................85 Ultrasonic Flowmeters ..........................................................................................................87 Time-of-Flight Ultrasonic Flowmeters ......................................................................87 Doppler-Type Ultrasonic Flowmeters ........................................................................88 Velocity Flowmeters .............................................................................................................89 Positive-Displacement Flowmeters.......................................................................................90 Open-Channel Flow Measurement ....................................................................................... 91 Weirs .................................................................................................................................... 91 Flumes ..................................................................................................................................93 References ........................................................................................................................................94 Further Reading ...............................................................................................................................95 Chapter 4 Water Chemistry ........................................................................................................97 Chemistry Concepts and Defi nitions ...............................................................................................97 Concepts ...............................................................................................................................97 “Miscible,” “Solubility” .............................................................................................97 “Suspension,” “Sediment,” “Particles,” “Solids” .......................................................98 “Emulsion” .................................................................................................................98 “Ion” ......................................................................................................................98 “Mass Concentration” ................................................................................................98 Defi nitions ............................................................................................................................98 Chemistry Fundamentals ...............................................................................................................100 Matter ..................................................................................................................................100 The Content of Matter: The Elements ................................................................................ 101 Compound Substances ........................................................................................................ 104 Water Solutions .............................................................................................................................. 105 Water Constituents ......................................................................................................................... 106 Solids .................................................................................................................................. 106 Turbidity ............................................................................................................................. 107 Color .................................................................................................................................. 107 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) ...................................................................................................... 107 Metals ................................................................................................................................. 108 Organic Matter .................................................................................................................... 108 Inorganic Matter ................................................................................................................. 109 Acids .................................................................................................................................. 109 Bases .................................................................................................................................. 109 Salts .................................................................................................................................. 109 pH .................................................................................................................................. 110 Common Water Measurements ......................................................................................................110 Alkalinity ............................................................................................................................ 111 Water Temperature ............................................................................................................. 111
Page 2: Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
Page 5 and 6: Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
Page 8 and 9: Contents Preface ..................
Page 12 and 13: Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
Page 14 and 15: Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
Page 16 and 17: Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
Page 18: Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
Page 22: To the Reader In reading this text,
Page 26 and 27: 1 Introduction When color photograp
Page 28 and 29: Introduction 3 On second look, we s
Page 30 and 31: Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
Page 32 and 33: Introduction 7 This scream of lost
Page 34: Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
Page 37 and 38: 12 The Science of Water: Concepts a
Page 61 and 62:
36 The Science of Water: Concepts a
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 70 and 71:
3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
Page 72 and 73:
Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
Page 74 and 75:
Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
Page 76 and 77:
Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
Page 78 and 79:
Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
Page 80 and 81:
Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
Page 82 and 83:
Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
Page 84 and 85:
Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
Page 86 and 87:
Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
Page 88 and 89:
Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
Page 90 and 91:
Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
Page 92 and 93:
Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
Page 94 and 95:
Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
Page 96 and 97:
Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
Page 98 and 99:
Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
Page 100 and 101:
Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
Page 102 and 103:
Water Hydraulics 77 Slope (S) The s
Page 104 and 105:
Water Hydraulics 79 and important c
Page 106 and 107:
Water Hydraulics 81 and the depth o
Page 108 and 109:
Water Hydraulics 83 TYPES OF DIFFER
Page 110 and 111:
Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
Page 112 and 113:
Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
Page 114 and 115:
Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
Page 116 and 117:
Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
Page 118 and 119:
Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
Page 120:
Water Hydraulics 95 Water and Waste
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
100 The Science of Water: Concepts
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 180 and 181:
6 Water Ecology The subject of man
Page 182 and 183:
Water Ecology 157 The environment i
Page 184 and 185:
Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
Page 186 and 187:
Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
Page 188 and 189:
Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
Page 190 and 191:
Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
Page 192 and 193:
Water Ecology 167 2. Likewise, biom
Page 194 and 195:
Water Ecology 169 Population densit
Page 196 and 197:
Water Ecology 171 succession can be
Page 198 and 199:
Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
Page 200 and 201:
Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
Page 202 and 203:
Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
Page 204 and 205:
Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
Page 206 and 207:
Water Ecology 181 It is important t
Page 208 and 209:
Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
Page 210 and 211:
Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
Page 212 and 213:
Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
Page 214 and 215:
Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
Page 216 and 217:
Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
Page 218 and 219:
Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
Page 220 and 221:
Water Ecology 195 They push their m
Page 222 and 223:
Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
Page 224:
Water Ecology 199 Darwin, C., 1998.
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 350 and 351:
10 Water Treatment Calculations Gup
Page 352 and 353:
Water Treatment Calculations 327 We
Page 354 and 355:
Water Treatment Calculations 329 Th
Page 356 and 357:
Page 358 and 359:
Water Treatment Calculations 333 Ex
Page 360 and 361:
Water Treatment Calculations 335 me
Page 362 and 363:
Water Treatment Calculations 337 Fo
Page 364 and 365:
Page 366 and 367:
Water Treatment Calculations 341 So
Page 368 and 369:
Water Treatment Calculations 343 No
Page 370 and 371:
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
Water Treatment Calculations 349 In
Page 376 and 377:
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
Page 382 and 383:
Page 384 and 385:
Page 386 and 387:
Page 388 and 389:
Water Treatment Calculations 363 St
Page 390 and 391:
Water Treatment Calculations 365 WA
Page 392 and 393:
Water Treatment Calculations 367 St
Page 394 and 395:
Page 396 and 397:
Page 398 and 399:
Page 400 and 401:
Page 402 and 403:
Page 404 and 405:
Water Treatment Calculations 379 Se
Page 406 and 407:
Water Treatment Calculations 381 µ
Page 408 and 409:
Water Treatment Calculations 383 g
Page 410 and 411:
Page 412 and 413:
Water Treatment Calculations 387 No
Page 414 and 415:
Page 416 and 417:
Page 418 and 419:
Page 420 and 421:
Water Treatment Calculations 395 Ca
Page 422 and 423:
Page 424:
Water Treatment Calculations 399 Mo
Page 427 and 428:
Page 429 and 430:
Page 431 and 432:
Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447:
show all

Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?