Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Water Treatment Calculations 337 For complete mixing: For plug fl ow: where t = detention time of the basin, min V = volume of basin, m 3 or ft 3 Q = fl ow rate, m 3 /s or cfs K = rate constant C i = infl uent reactant concentration, mg/L C e = effl uent reactant concentration, mg/L L = length of rectangular basin, m or ft v = horizontal velocity of fl ow, m/s or ft/s Example 10.22 V 1 C C t ⎛ ie⎞ Q K ⎝ ⎜ C ⎠ ⎟ V L C t Q v K C 1 ⎛ i ⎞ ⎝ ⎜ ⎠ ⎟ Problem: Alum dosage is 40 mg/L K = 90 per day based on lab tests. Compute the detention times for complete mixing and plug fl ow reactor for 90% reduction. Solution: Step 1. Find Ce . C (1- 0.9) C 0.1C 0.140 mg/L 4mgL e i i Step 2. Calculate t for complete mixing (using Equation 10.20). 1 1 40 mg/L4mgL t ( Ci - C ) ⎛ ⎞ e k 90d ⎝ ⎜ 4 mgL ⎠ ⎟ 1d 1440 min 9 90 1d 144 min Step 3. Calculate t for plug fl ow using the following formula. FLOCCULATION 1 C t ⎛ i ln ⎞ K ⎝ ⎜ C ⎠ ⎟ e 1440 ⎛ ln 90 ⎝ ⎜ 36. 8 min 40 4 e ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ e (10.20) (10.21) Flocculation follows coagulation in the conventional water treatment process. Flocculation is the physical process of slowly mixing the coagulated water to increase the probability of particle
338 The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications collision. Through experience, we see that effective mixing reduces the required amount of chemicals and greatly improves the sedimentation process, which results in longer fi lter runs and higher- quality fi nished water. The goal of fl occulation is to form a uniform, feather-like material similar to snowfl akes— a dense, tenacious fl oc that entraps the fi ne, suspended, and colloidal particles and carries them down rapidly in the settling basin. Polymers are often added to increase the speed of fl oc formation and the strength and weight of the fl oc. COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION GENERAL CALCULATIONS In the proper operation of the coagulation and fl occulation unit processes, calculations are performed to determine chamber or basin volume, chemical feed calibration, chemical feeder settings, and detention time. Chamber and Basin Volume Calculations To determine the volume of a square or rectangular chamber or basin, use Equation 10.22 or 10.23: 3 Volume, ft (length, ft)(width, ft)(depth, ft) (10.22) Volume, gal (length, ft)(width, ft)(depth, ft)(7.48 gal ft 3 ) (10.23) Example 10.23 Problem: A fl ash mix chamber is 4 ft2 with water to a depth of 3 ft. What is the volume of water (in gallons) in the chamber? Solution: 3 Volume, gal (length, ft)(width, ft)(depth, ft) ( 7.48 galft) ( 359 gal 3 4 ft)(4 ft)(3 ft)(7.48 gal ft ) Example 10.24 Problem: A fl occulation basin is 40 ft long, 12 ft wide, with water to a depth of 9 ft. What is the volume of water (in gallons) in the basin? Solution: Volume, gal length, ft)(width, ft)(depth, ft)(7.48 gal ft 3 ( ) 3 ( 40 ft)(12 ft)(9 ft)(7.48 galft) 32,314 gal
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Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
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Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
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Contents Preface ..................
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Contents ix Velocity Head .........
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Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
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Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
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Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
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Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
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To the Reader In reading this text,
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1 Introduction When color photograp
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Introduction 3 On second look, we s
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Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
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Introduction 7 This scream of lost
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Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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12 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
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Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
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Water Hydraulics 77 Slope (S) The s
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Water Hydraulics 79 and important c
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Water Hydraulics 81 and the depth o
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Water Hydraulics 83 TYPES OF DIFFER
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Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
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Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
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Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
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Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
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Water Hydraulics 95 Water and Waste
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100 The Science of Water: Concepts
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6 Water Ecology The subject of man
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Water Ecology 157 The environment i
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Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
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Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
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Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
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Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
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Water Ecology 167 2. Likewise, biom
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Water Ecology 169 Population densit
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Water Ecology 171 succession can be
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Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
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Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
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Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
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Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
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Water Ecology 181 It is important t
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Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
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Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
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Water Ecology 195 They push their m
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Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
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Water Ecology 199 Darwin, C., 1998.
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