Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Water Treatment Calculations 367 Step 1. Divide 3.0 by 12 to fi nd feet. Step 2. 3.0/12 0.25 ft 2 Volume 600 ft 0.25 ft Area = 20 ft × 30 ft = 600 ft 2 Convert 3.0 in. into ft 3 150 ft of water passing through the filter in 1 min Convert cubic feet into gallons 150 ft 3 × 7.48 gal/ft 3 = 1122 gal/min Step 3. The problem asks for the rate of fi ltration in MGD. To fi nd MGD, multiply the number of gpm by the number of min/day: Example 10.71 1122 galmin1,440 min/day 1.62 MGD Problem: The infl uent valve to a fi lter is closed for 5 min. During this time the water level in the fi lter drops 0.8 ft (10 in.). If the fi lter is 45 ft long and 15 ft wide, what is the gpm fl ow rate through the fi lter? Water drop equals 0.16 ft/min. Solution: First calculate cfm fl ow rate using the Q = AV equation: Q, cfm (length, ft)(width, ft)(drop velocity, ftmin) (45 ft)(15 ft)(0.16 ftmin) 108 cfm Then convert cfm fl ow rate into gpm fl ow rate: FILTRATION RATE 3 (108 cfm)(7.48 gal/ft ) 808 gpm One measure of fi lter production is fi ltration rate (generally range from 2 to 10 gpm/ft 2 ). Along with fi lter run time, it provides valuable information for operation of fi lters. It is the gallons per minute of water fi ltered through each square foot of fi lter area. Filtration rate is determined using Equation 10.68. 2 flow rate, gpm Filtration rate, gpmft filter surface area, ft 2 (10.68)
368 The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications Example 10.72 Problem: A fi lter 18 ft by 22 ft receives a fl ow of 1750 gpm. What is the fi ltration rate in gpm/ft2 ? Solution: 2 flow rate, gpm Filtration rate, gpmft filter surface area, ft 1750 gpm (18 ft)(22 ft) 4.4 gpm/ft Example 10.73 Problem: A fi lter 28 ft long and 18 ft wide treats a fl ow of 3.5 MGD. What is the fi ltration rate in gpm/ft2 ? Solution: 3,500,000 gpd Flow rate 2431 gpm 1440 minday 2 flow rate, gpm Filtration rate, gpmft filter surface area, sq ft 2431 gpm (28 ft)(18 ft) 4.8 gpm ft 2 Example 10.74 Problem: A fi lter 45 ft long and 20 ft wide produces a total of 18 MG during a 76-h fi lter run. What is the average fi ltration rate in gpm/ft2 for this fi lter run? Solution: First calculate the gpm fl ow rate through the fi lter: Flow rate, gpm total gallons produced filter run, min 18,000,000 gal (76)(60 minh) 3947 gpm 2 2
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Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
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Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
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Contents Preface ..................
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Contents ix Velocity Head .........
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Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
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Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
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Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
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Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
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To the Reader In reading this text,
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1 Introduction When color photograp
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Introduction 3 On second look, we s
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Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
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Introduction 7 This scream of lost
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Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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12 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
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Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
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Water Hydraulics 77 Slope (S) The s
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Water Hydraulics 79 and important c
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Water Hydraulics 81 and the depth o
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Water Hydraulics 83 TYPES OF DIFFER
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Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
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Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
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Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
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Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
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Water Hydraulics 95 Water and Waste
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100 The Science of Water: Concepts
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6 Water Ecology The subject of man
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Water Ecology 157 The environment i
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Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
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Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
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Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
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Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
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Water Ecology 167 2. Likewise, biom
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Water Ecology 169 Population densit
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Water Ecology 171 succession can be
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Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
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Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
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Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
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Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
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Water Ecology 181 It is important t
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Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
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Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
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Water Ecology 195 They push their m
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Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
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Water Ecology 199 Darwin, C., 1998.
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Page 341 and 342: 316 The Science of Water: Concepts
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