Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Glossary 409 Headwaters The source and upper part of a stream. Hydraulic conductivity The capacity of a rock to transmit water. It is expressed as the volume of water at the existing kinematic viscosity that will move in unit time under a unit hydraulic gradient through a unit area measured at right angles to the direction of fl ow. Hydraulic gradient The change of hydraulic head per unit of distance in a given direction. Hydrogen bonding The term used to describe the weak but effective attraction that occurs between polar covalent molecules. Hydrograph Graph showing variation of water elevation, velocity, streamfl ow, or other property of water with respect to time. Hydrologic cycle Literally the water–earth cycle. The movement of water in all three physical forms through the various environmental mediums (air, water, biota, and soil). Hydrology The science that deals with water as it occurs in the atmosphere, on the surface of the ground, and underground. Hydrostatic pressure The pressure exerted by the water at any given point in a body of water at rest. Hygroscopic A substance that readily absorbs moisture. I Impermeability The incapacity of a rock to transmit a fl uid. Index of biotic integrity (IBI) An aggregated number, or index, based on several attributes or metrics of a fi sh community that provides an assessment of biological conditions. Indicator sites Stream sampling sites located at outlets of drainage basins with relatively homogeneous land use and physiographic conditions; most indicator-site basins have drainage areas ranging from 20 to 200 square miles. Infi ltration The downward movement of water from the atmosphere into soil or porous rock. Infl uent Water fl owing into a reservoir, basin, or treatment plant. Inorganic Containing no carbon; matter other than plant or animal. Inorganic chemical A chemical substance of mineral origin not having carbon in its molecular structure. Inorganic soil Soil with less than 20% organic matter in the upper 16 in. Ionic bond The attractive forces between oppositely charged ions—for example, the forces between the sodium and chloride ions in a sodium chloride crystal. Instantaneous discharge The volume of water that passes a point at a particular instant of time. Instream use Water use taking place within the stream channel for such purposes as hydroelectric power generation, navigation, water-quality improvement, fi sh propagation, and recreation. Sometimes called nonwithdrawal use or in-channel use. Intermittent stream A stream that fl ows only when it receives water from rainfall runoff or springs, or from some surface source such as melting snow. Internal drainage Surface drainage whereby the water does not reach the ocean, such as drainage toward the lowermost or central part of an interior basin or closed depression. Intertidal Alternately fl ooded and exposed by tides. Intolerant organisms Organisms that are not adaptable to human alterations to the environment and thus decline in numbers where alterations occur. Invertebrate An animal having no backbone or spinal column. Ion A positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms. Irrigation Controlled application of water to arable land to supply requirements of crops not satisfi ed by rainfall. Irrigation return fl ow The part of irrigation applied to the surface that is not consumed by evapotranspiration or uptake by plants and that migrates to an aquifer or surfacewater body.
410 The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications Irrigation withdrawals Withdrawals of water for application on land to assist in the growing of crops and pastures or to maintain recreational lands. K Kill Dutch term for stream or creek. L Lacustrine Pertaining to, produced by, or formed in a lake. Leachate A liquid that has percolated through soil containing soluble substances and that contains certain amounts of these substances in solution. Leaching The removal of materials in solution from soil or rock; also refers to movement of pesticides or nutrients from land surface to groundwater. Limnetic The deepwater zone (>2 m deep). Littoral The shallow-water zone (
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Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
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Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
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Contents Preface ..................
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Contents ix Velocity Head .........
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Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
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Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
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Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
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Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
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To the Reader In reading this text,
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1 Introduction When color photograp
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Introduction 3 On second look, we s
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Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
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Introduction 7 This scream of lost
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Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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12 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
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Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
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Water Hydraulics 77 Slope (S) The s
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Water Hydraulics 79 and important c
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Water Hydraulics 81 and the depth o
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Water Hydraulics 83 TYPES OF DIFFER
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Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
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Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
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Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
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Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
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Water Hydraulics 95 Water and Waste
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100 The Science of Water: Concepts
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6 Water Ecology The subject of man
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Water Ecology 157 The environment i
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Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
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Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
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Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
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Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
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Water Ecology 167 2. Likewise, biom
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Water Ecology 169 Population densit
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Water Ecology 171 succession can be
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Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
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Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
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Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
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Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
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Water Ecology 181 It is important t
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Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
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Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
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Water Ecology 195 They push their m
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Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
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Water Ecology 199 Darwin, C., 1998.
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10 Water Treatment Calculations Gup
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Water Treatment Calculations 327 We
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Water Treatment Calculations 329 Th
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Water Treatment Calculations 333 Ex
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Water Treatment Calculations 335 me
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Water Treatment Calculations 341 So
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Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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