Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Water Treatment Calculations 341 Solution: Polymer (lbday) ( 12 mgL)(4.15 MGD)(8.34 lbgal) 415 lb/day Determining Chemical Solution Feeder Setting, gpd When solution concentration is expressed as lb chemical/gal solution, the required feed rate can be determined using the following equations: Chemical, lbday (chemical, mgL)(flow, MGD)(8.34 lbgal) Then convert the lb/day dry chemical into gpd solution: Example 10.30 chemical (lb day) Solution (gpd) lb chemical gal solution (10.26) (10.27) Problem: Jar tests indicate that the best alum dose for a water sample is 7 mg/L. The amount to be treated is 1.52 MGD. Determine the gpd setting for the alum solution feeder if the liquid alum contains 5.36 lb of alum per gallon of solution. Solution: First calculate the lb/day of dry alum required, using the mg/L to lb/day equation: Then calculate the gpd solution required. Dry alum, lb/day ( mgL)(flow, MGD)(8.34 lbgal) ( 7 mgL)(1.52 MGD)(8.34 lbgal) 89 lb day 89 lbday Alum solution (gpd) 5.36 lb alumgal solution 16.6 gpd Determining Chemical Solution Feeder Setting, mL/min Some solution chemical feeders dispense chemical as milliliters per minute (mL/min). To calculate the mL/min solution required, use the following procedure: Example 10.31 (gpd)(3785 mLgal) Solution, mLmin 1440 minday (10.28) Problem: The desired solution feed rate was calculated to be 9 gpd. What is this feed rate expressed as mL/min?
342 The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications Solution: Example 10.32 mL (gpd)(3785 mLgal) min 1440 minday (9 gpd)(3785 mLgal) 1440 minday 24 mLmin feed rate Problem: The desired solution feed rate has been calculated to be 25 gpd. What is this feed rate expressed as mL/min? Solution: mL (gpd)(3785 mL gal) min 1440 minday (25 gpd)(3785 mLgal) 1440 min day 65.7 mL min feed rate Sometimes we will need to know mL/min solution feed rate but we will not know the gpd solution feed rate. In such cases, calculate the gpd solution feed rate fi rst, using the following equation: (chemical, mgL)(flow, MGD)(8.34 lbgal) gpd (chemical, lb) (solution, gal) (10.29) Determining Percent of Solutions The strength of a solution is a measure of the amount of chemical solute dissolved in the solution. We use the following equation to determine % strength of solution: Example 10.33 chemical (lb) % Strength 100 (10.30) water (lb) chemical (lb) Problem: If a total of 10 oz of dry polymer are added to 15 gal of water, what is the percent strength (by weight) of the polymer solution? Solution: Before calculating percent strength, the ounces chemical must be converted into lb chemical: 10 oz 0.625 lb chemical 16 oz /lb
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Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
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Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
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Contents Preface ..................
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Contents ix Velocity Head .........
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Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
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Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
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Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
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Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
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To the Reader In reading this text,
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1 Introduction When color photograp
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Introduction 3 On second look, we s
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Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
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Introduction 7 This scream of lost
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Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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12 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
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Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
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Water Hydraulics 77 Slope (S) The s
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Water Hydraulics 79 and important c
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Water Hydraulics 81 and the depth o
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Water Hydraulics 83 TYPES OF DIFFER
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Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
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Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
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Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
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Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
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Water Hydraulics 95 Water and Waste
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100 The Science of Water: Concepts
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6 Water Ecology The subject of man
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Water Ecology 157 The environment i
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Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
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Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
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Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
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Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
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Water Ecology 167 2. Likewise, biom
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Water Ecology 169 Population densit
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Water Ecology 171 succession can be
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Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
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Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
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Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
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Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
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Water Ecology 181 It is important t
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Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
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Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
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Water Ecology 195 They push their m
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Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
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Water Ecology 199 Darwin, C., 1998.
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