Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Water Chemistry 119 Nitrogen occurs in many forms in the environment and takes part in many biochemical reactions. Major sources of nitrogen include runoff from animal feedlots, fertilizer runoff from agricultural fi elds, from municipal wastewater discharges, and from certain bacteria and blue-green algae that obtain nitrogen directly from the atmosphere. Certain forms of acid rain can also contribute nitrogen to surface waters. Nitrogen in water is commonly found in the form of nitrate (NO 3 ), which indicates that the water may be contaminated with sewage. Nitrates can also enter the groundwater from chemical fertilizers used in agricultural areas. Excessive nitrate concentrations in drinking water pose an immediate health threat to infants, both human and animal, which can cause death. The bacteria commonly found in the intestinal tract of infants can convert nitrate to highly toxic nitrites (NO 2 ). Nitrite can replace oxygen in the bloodstream and results in oxygen starvation that causes a bluish discoloration of the infant (“blue baby” syndrome). √ Note: Lakes and reservoirs usually have less than 2 mg/L of nitrate measured as nitrogen. Higher nitrate levels are found in groundwater ranging up to 20 mg/L, but much higher values are detected in shallow aquifers polluted by sewage and/or excessive use of fertilizers. Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient that contributes to the growth of algae and the eutrophication of lakes, although its presence in drinking water has little effect on health. In aquatic environments, phosphorus is found in the form of phosphate and is a limiting nutrient. If all phosphorus is used, plant growth ceases, no matter the amount of nitrogen available. Many bodies of fresh water currently experience infl uxes of nitrogen and phosphorus from outside sources. The increasing concentration of available phosphorus allows plants to assimilate more nitrogen before the phosphorus is depleted. If suffi cient phosphorus is available, high concentrations of nitrates will lead to phytoplankton (algae) and macrophyte (aquatic plant) production. Major sources of phosphorus include phosphates in detergents, fertilizer and feedlot runoff, and municipal wastewater discharges. The USEPA 1976 Water Quality Standards—Criteria Summaries for phosphorus—recommended a phosphorus criterion of 0.10 µg/L (elemental) phosphorus for marine and estuarine waters, but no freshwater criterion. The biological, physical, and chemical condition of our water is of enormous concern to us all because we must live in such intimate contact with water. When these parameters shift and change, the changes affect us, often in ways science cannot yet defi ne for us. Water pollution is an external element that can and does signifi cantly affect our water. But what exactly is water pollution? We quickly learn that water pollution does not always go straight from source to water. Controlling what goes into our water is diffi cult, because the hydrologic cycle carries water (and whatever it picks up along the way) through all of our environment’s media, affecting the biological, physical, and chemical condition of the water we must drink to live. REFERENCES Greenberg, A.E. et al. (eds.), 1999. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association. Jost, N.J., 1992. Surface and Ground Water Pollution Control Technology. In Fundamentals of Environmental Science and Technology, Knowles, P.C. (ed.). Rockville, MD: Government Institutes, Inc. McGhee, T.J., 1991. Water Supply and Sewerage, 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Mullenix, P.J., 1997. In A Letter Sent to Operations and Environmental Committee, City of Calgary, Canada. Smith, R.K., 1993. Water and Wastewater Laboratory Techniques. Alexandria, VA: Water Environment Federation. Tchobanoglous, G. and Schroeder, E.D., 1987. Water Quality. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. USGS, 2006. Water Science for Schools: Water Measurements. Washington, DC: U.S. Geological Survey. Watson, L., 1988. The Water Planet: A Celebration of the Wonder of Water. New York: Crown Publishers.
120 The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications FURTHER READING Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., 1991. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, Reuse, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Spellman, F.R., 1997. Wastewater Biosolids to Compost. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.` Running Water. White Oak Canyon Trail, Shenandoah National Forest, Virginia. (Photo by Revonna M. Bieber.)
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Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
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Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
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Contents Preface ..................
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Contents ix Velocity Head .........
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Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
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Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
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Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
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Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
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To the Reader In reading this text,
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1 Introduction When color photograp
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Introduction 3 On second look, we s
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Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
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Introduction 7 This scream of lost
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Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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12 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Page 180 and 181: 6 Water Ecology The subject of man
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Page 184 and 185: Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
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Water Ecology 169 Population densit
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Water Ecology 171 succession can be
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Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
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Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
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Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
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Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
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Water Ecology 181 It is important t
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Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
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Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
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Water Ecology 195 They push their m
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Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
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Water Ecology 199 Darwin, C., 1998.
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202 The Science of Water: Concepts
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10 Water Treatment Calculations Gup
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