Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Water Biology 123 KEY TERMS Key terms related to the discussion to follow and their basic defi nitions are listed below. Algae Simple plants, many microscopic, containing chlorophyll. Freshwater algae are diverse in shape, color, size, and habitat. They are the basic link in the conversion of inorganic constituents in water into organic constituents. Algal bloom Sudden spurts of algal growth, which can affect water quality adversely and indicate potentially hazardous changes in local water chemistry. Anaerobic Able to live and grow in the absence of free oxygen. Autotrophic organisms Produce food from inorganic substances. Bacteria Single cell, microscopic living organisms (single-celled microorganisms) that possess rigid cell walls. They may be aerobic, anaerobic, or facultative; they can cause disease; and some are important in pollution control. Biogeochemical cycle The chemical interactions between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Coliform organism Microorganisms found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals. Their presence in water indicates fecal pollution and potentially adverse contamination by pathogens. Denitrifi cation The anaerobic biological reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas. Fungi Simple plants lacking in ability to produce energy through photosynthesis. Heterotrophic organism Organisms that are dependent on organic matter for foods. Prokaryotic cell The simple cell type, characterized by the lack of a nuclear membrane and the absence of mitochondria. Virus The smallest form of microorganisms capable of causing disease. MICROORGANISMS (IN GENERAL) The microorganisms of concern to water specialists are tiny organisms that make up a large and diverse group of free-living forms; they exist either as single cells, cell bunches, or clusters. Found in abundance almost anywhere on Earth, the vast majority of microorganisms are not harmful. Many microorganisms, or microbes, occur as single cells (unicellular). Some are multicellular; others, such as viruses, do not have a true cellular appearance. Mostly, a single microbial cell exhibits the characteristic features common to other biological systems, such as metabolism, reproduction, and growth. CLASSIFICATION For centuries, scientists classifi ed the forms of life visible to the naked eye as either animal or plant. The Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus organized much of the current knowledge about living things in 1735. The importance of organizing or classifying organisms cannot be overstated, for without a classifi cation scheme, it would be diffi cult to establish a criteria for identifying organisms and to arrange similar organisms into groups. Probably the most important reason for classifying organisms is to make things less confusing (Wistreich and Lechtman, 1980). Linnaeus was quite innovative in the classifi cation of organisms. One of his innovations is still with us today: the binomial system of nomenclature. Under the binomial system, all organisms are generally described by a two-word scientifi c name, the genus and species. Genus and species are groups that are part of hierarchy of groups of increasing size, based on their taxonomy. This hierarchy follows: Kingdom Phylum
124 The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications Class Order Family Genus Species Using this system, a fruit fl y might be classifi ed as: Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Drosophilidae Drosophila melanogaster This means that this organism is the species melanogaster in the genus Drosophila in the Family Drosophilidae in the Order Diptera in the Class Insecta in the Phylum Arthropoda in the Kingdom Animalia. To further illustrate how the hierarchical system is exemplifi ed by the classifi cation system, the standard classifi cation of the mayfl y (a burrowing macroinvertebrate) is provided below. MAYFLY Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Ephermeroptera Family Ephemeridae Genus Hexagenia Species limbata Utilizing this hierarchy and Linnaeus’s binomial system of nomenclature, the scientifi c name of any organism (as stated previously) includes both the generic and specifi c names. In the above instances, to uniquely name the species it is necessary to supply the genus and the species, Drosophila melanogaster (i.e., the fruit fl y) and Hexagenia limbata (mayfl y). As shown, the fi rst letter of the generic name is usually capitalized; hence, for example, E. coli indicates that coli is the species and Escherichia (abbreviated to E.) is the genus. The largest, most inclusive category—the kingdom—is plant. The names are always in Latin, so they are usually printed in italics or underlined. Some organisms also have English common names. Microbe names of particular interest in water/wastewater treatment include: • • • • • • • • • E. coli—a coliform bacterium Salmonella typhi—the typhoid bacillus Giardia lamblia—a protozoan Shigella spp. Vibrio cholerae Campylobacter Leptospira spp. Entamoeba histolytica Crytosporidia
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Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
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Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
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Contents Preface ..................
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Contents ix Velocity Head .........
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Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
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Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
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Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
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Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
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To the Reader In reading this text,
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1 Introduction When color photograp
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Introduction 3 On second look, we s
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Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
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Introduction 7 This scream of lost
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Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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12 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Page 110 and 111: Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
Page 112 and 113: Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
Page 114 and 115: Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
Page 116 and 117: Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
Page 118 and 119: Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
Page 120: Water Hydraulics 95 Water and Waste
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Page 180 and 181: 6 Water Ecology The subject of man
Page 182 and 183: Water Ecology 157 The environment i
Page 184 and 185: Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
Page 186 and 187: Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
Page 188 and 189: Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
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Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
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Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
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Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
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Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
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Water Ecology 181 It is important t
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Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
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Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
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Water Ecology 195 They push their m
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Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
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Water Ecology 199 Darwin, C., 1998.
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202 The Science of Water: Concepts
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10 Water Treatment Calculations Gup
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Water Treatment Calculations 327 We
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Water Treatment Calculations 383 g
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