Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Index 421 Propeller meter, 89 Proton number, 101 Protozoa, 134–136 Pump head, 65 Pumping hydraulics, 72–77 Pumping level, 24, 66 Q Q & Q factors, 17–19 R Radical, 67 Radius of infl uence, 25 Radon, 204 Rainfall duration, 27 Rainfall intensity, 27 Rapid sand fi lters, 312–313 Raw water, 24 Raw water storage, 29 Recharge area, 24 Rectangular weirs, 92 Reach, 79 Recarbonation, 114 Reservoir management, 23 Ribosomes, 144 Riffl e beetle, 192 Riffl es, 178 Rocky-bottom sampling method, 227–233 Rotifers, 136 Runoff, 15, 17, 155 S Safe Drinking Water Act (SWDA), 20, 22 Saltation, 176 Salts, 109 Saltwater intrusion, 213 Sampling bottle, 249 Sampling consideration, 247 Sampling devices, 238 Sampling nets, 239 Sampling stations, 24 Sanitary seal, 38 Saturated solutions, 100 Scaling, 115 Screening, 294–295 Secchi disk, 242, 264–265 Secondary productivity, 167 Secondary succession, 170 Sedimentary cycles, 160 Sedimentation, 310, 334–336 Septic tanks, 21 Sequestering, 301 Settleable solids, 99 Sewage, 158 Shallow wells, 36 Sinkholes, 36 Sinistral, 198 Sinuosity, 177 Sinuosity index, 177 Skaters, 186 Slime layers, 130 Slope, 69, 71, 77, 79 Slow sand fi lter, 311–312 Snags, 224 Snow, J., 289–292 Soil composition, 27 Soil moisture, 27 Sodium aluminate, 307 Solids, 98–100, 106, 269–273 Solubility, 97 Solute, 9, 105, 296 Solution chemical feeder, 346–347 Solution feeder, 298 Solvent, 99, 105, 296 Source of water, 19 Species diversity, 170 Specifi c yield, 25, 327–328 Sprawlers, 186 Specifi c capacity, 39, 67 Specifi c conductance, 111 Specifi c energy, 69 Specifi c gravity, 48–49 Spring, 24 Stalked ciliate, 35 Static head, 45, 54, 65 Static level, 24 Static water level, 66 Steady fl ow, 69 Sterilization, 134 Still water, 2–5 Stonefl ies, 188 STP, 46 Stream, 174 Stream competence, 176 Stream genesis, 172–174 Stream profi le, 177 Stream self-purifi cation, 215 Stream structure, 172–174 Stream water discharge, 175 Sublimation, 17 Subsurface percolation, 202 Suction head, 66 Suction lift, 65 Succession, 158 Sulfur cycle, 162–163 Surber sampler, 239 Surface overfl ow rate, 351–352 Surface runoff, 24 Surface water, 24–25 Surface water hydrology, 28 Surface water intakes, 30 Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), 34, 311 Suspended load, 176 Suspended solids, 99–100 Suspension, 98 Swimmers, 186 Symbiosis, 158 Symbiotic relationship, 161 Synthetic organic chemicals, 117
422 The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications T Taste and odor removal, 113 Temperature measurement, 261 Thrust, 52 Thrust anchor, 53 Thrust block, 53 Titrimetric methods, 251 Total alkalinity, 274–275 Total brake horsepower, 330 Total dissolved solids (TDS), 117 Total dynamic head, 45, 54, 66 Total energy, 61 Total solids, 100 Traction load, 176 Transect sampling, 225 Triangular weirs, 92 Trichloroethylene, 212 Trihalomethanes, 205 Trophic groups, 185–186 Trophic level, 158, 165 True bugs, 194 True fl ies, 190–191 TTHMS, 206 Tuberculation, 304 Tubifex worms, 197 Turbidity, 100, 107 Turbidity measurement, 263–264 Turbine meters, 89 Turbine pump calculations, 329 Turbulent, 68 Turbulent fl ow, 56, 75, 175 Types of wells, 36–37 U Ultrasonic fl owmeters, 87–88 Ultimate carrying capacity, 170 Unconfi ned aquifer, 24, 32 Underground storage tanks (USTs), 209 Uniform fl ow, 69, 75 Unit fi lter run volume, 369–371 Universal solvent, 1, 12 V Varied fl ow, 69 Vegetation cover, 27 Velocity, 45 Velocity fl owmeters, 89 Velocity head, 45, 54, 66, 75 Venture, 84 Viruses, 123, 137–138 Volatile organic chemicals, 117 Volume, 100 Volumetric fl owrate, 82 W Water, 7–8, 11–43 Water chlorination, 385–396 Water constituent, 106–110 Water contradiction, 2 Water cycle, 15 Water ecology, 155–198 Water fi ltration calculations, 365–385 Water hammer, 52 Water horsepower, 330 Water hydraulics, 45–94 Water microorganisms, 122 Water penny, 192 Water pollution, 201–217 Water quality impact, 22 Water rights, 24 Water screens, 30–31 Water softening, 114 Water solutions, 105–106 Water storage, 334–336 Water strider, 194 Water table, 24 Water temperature, 111 Water use, 41–43 Waterborne bacteria, 134 Waterborne diseases, 122 Waterborne pathogens, 122 Water’s memory, 5 Watershed, 24, 29 Watershed management, 20–22 Watershed protection, 19–20, 23 Waterworks, 292 Weirs, 91 Weir loading rate, 353–354 Well abandonment, 41 Well casing, 37 Well casing disinfection, 328–329 Well components, 38 Well drawdown calculations, 326 Well evaluation, 39–40 Well hydraulics, 66 Well log, 40 Well maintenance, 41 Well pad, 37 Well pumps, 40 Well screen, 38 Well site requirements, 35–36 Well systems, 35 Well yield, 67, 326–327 Wet well hydraulics, 67–68 Wetted perimeter, 77–78 Whirligig beetles, 19 Winkler method, 238–239, 253–254 World water distribution, 26 Z Zone of infl uence, 67
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Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
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Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
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Contents Preface ..................
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Contents ix Velocity Head .........
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Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
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Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
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Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
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Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
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To the Reader In reading this text,
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1 Introduction When color photograp
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Introduction 3 On second look, we s
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Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
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Introduction 7 This scream of lost
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Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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12 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
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Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
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Water Hydraulics 77 Slope (S) The s
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Water Hydraulics 79 and important c
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Water Hydraulics 81 and the depth o
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Water Hydraulics 83 TYPES OF DIFFER
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Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
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Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
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Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
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Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
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Water Hydraulics 95 Water and Waste
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100 The Science of Water: Concepts
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6 Water Ecology The subject of man
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Water Ecology 157 The environment i
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Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
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Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
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Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
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Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
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Water Ecology 167 2. Likewise, biom
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Water Ecology 169 Population densit
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Water Ecology 171 succession can be
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Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
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Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
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Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
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Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
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Water Ecology 181 It is important t
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Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
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Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
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Water Ecology 195 They push their m
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Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
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Water Ecology 199 Darwin, C., 1998.
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10 Water Treatment Calculations Gup
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Water Treatment Calculations 327 We
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Water Treatment Calculations 329 Th
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Water Treatment Calculations 333 Ex
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Water Treatment Calculations 335 me
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Water Treatment Calculations 337 Fo
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Water Treatment Calculations 341 So
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Water Treatment Calculations 349 In
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Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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