Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Contents xi Specifi c Conductance ......................................................................................................... 111 Hardness ............................................................................................................................. 112 Water Treatment Chemicals ........................................................................................................... 112 Disinfection ........................................................................................................................ 112 Coagulation ......................................................................................................................... 113 Taste and Odor Removal..................................................................................................... 113 Water Softening .................................................................................................................. 114 Recarbonation ..................................................................................................................... 114 Ion Exchange Softening ...................................................................................................... 114 Scaling and Corrosion Control ........................................................................................... 115 Drinking Water Parameters: Chemical .......................................................................................... 115 Organics .............................................................................................................................. 115 Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)................................................................................. 117 Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) .................................................................................. 117 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) ............................................................................................. 117 Fluorides ............................................................................................................................. 117 Heavy Metals ...................................................................................................................... 118 Nutrients ............................................................................................................................. 118 References ...................................................................................................................................... 119 Further Reading .............................................................................................................................120 Chapter 5 Water Biology ........................................................................................................... 121 Biology/Microbiology: What Is It? ................................................................................................ 121 Water Microorganisms ................................................................................................................... 122 Key Terms ........................................................................................................................... 123 Microorganisms (in General) ............................................................................................. 123 Classifi cation ....................................................................................................................... 123 Differentiation ....................................................................................................................125 The Cell..........................................................................................................................................125 Types of Cells ..................................................................................................................... 127 Bacteria .......................................................................................................................................... 129 Structure of Bacterial Cell .................................................................................................. 130 Capsules ................................................................................................................... 130 Flagella .................................................................................................................... 131 Cell Wall .................................................................................................................. 132 Plasma Membrane (Cytoplasmic Membrane) .......................................................... 132 Cytoplasm ................................................................................................................ 132 Mesosome ................................................................................................................ 132 Nucleoid (Nuclear Body or Region) ......................................................................... 133 Ribosomes ................................................................................................................ 133 Inclusions ................................................................................................................. 133 Bacterial Growth Factors .................................................................................................... 133 Destruction of Bacteria ....................................................................................................... 134 Waterborne Bacteria ........................................................................................................... 134 Protozoa ......................................................................................................................................... 134 Microscopic Crustaceans ............................................................................................................... 137 Viruses ........................................................................................................................................... 137 Algae ............................................................................................................................................. 138 Fungi ............................................................................................................................................. 138
xii The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications Microbiological Processes/Aspects ............................................................................................... 139 Pathogenic Protozoa ........................................................................................................... 139 Giardia .................................................................................................................... 140 Giardiasis ............................................................................................................................ 140 Cryptosporidium ...................................................................................................... 146 The Basics of Cryptosporidium .......................................................................................... 147 Cryptosporidiosis ................................................................................................................ 149 Cyclospora ............................................................................................................... 150 References ...................................................................................................................................... 151 Further Reading ............................................................................................................................. 152 Chapter 6 Water Ecology .......................................................................................................... 155 Setting the Stage ............................................................................................................................ 156 Key Defi nitions ................................................................................................................... 157 Levels of Organization ................................................................................................................... 158 Ecosystem ...................................................................................................................................... 159 Biogeochemical Cycles .................................................................................................................. 160 Carbon Cycle ...................................................................................................................... 160 Nitrogen Cycle .................................................................................................................... 161 Sulfur Cycle ........................................................................................................................ 162 Phosphorus Cycle ...............................................................................................................163 Energy Flow in the Ecosystem ...................................................................................................... 164 Food Chain Effi ciency ................................................................................................................... 165 Ecological Pyramids ........................................................................................................... 166 Productivity .................................................................................................................................... 167 Population Ecology ........................................................................................................................ 168 Stream Genesis and Structure ........................................................................................................ 172 Water Flow in a Stream ...................................................................................................... 174 Stream Water Discharge ..................................................................................................... 175 Transport of Material ..........................................................................................................175 Characteristics of Stream Channels ................................................................................... 176 Stream Profi les .................................................................................................................... 177 Sinuosity ............................................................................................................................. 177 Bars, Riffl es, and Pools ...................................................................................................... 178 The Floodplain.................................................................................................................... 179 Adaptations to Stream Current ........................................................................................... 181 Types of Adaptive Changes ..................................................................................... 182 Specifi c Adaptations ................................................................................................ 183 Benthic Life: An Overview ............................................................................................................ 183 Benthic Plants and Animals ............................................................................................... 184 Benthic Macroinvertebrates ........................................................................................................... 184 Identifi cation of Benthic Macroinvertebrates ..................................................................... 185 Macroinvertebrates and the Food Web ............................................................................... 186 Units of Organization ......................................................................................................... 187 Insect Macroinvertebrates .............................................................................................................. 187 (1) Mayfl ies (Order: Ephemeroptera) .................................................................................. 187 (2) Stonefl ies (Order: Plecoptera) ....................................................................................... 188 (3) Caddisfl ies (Order: Trichoptera) .................................................................................... 189 (4) True Flies (Order: Diptera) ............................................................................................ 190
Page 2: Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
Page 5 and 6: Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
Page 8 and 9: Contents Preface ..................
Page 10 and 11: Contents ix Velocity Head .........
Page 14 and 15: Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
Page 16 and 17: Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
Page 18: Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
Page 22: To the Reader In reading this text,
Page 26 and 27: 1 Introduction When color photograp
Page 28 and 29: Introduction 3 On second look, we s
Page 30 and 31: Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
Page 32 and 33: Introduction 7 This scream of lost
Page 34: Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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38 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
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Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
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Water Hydraulics 77 Slope (S) The s
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Water Hydraulics 79 and important c
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Water Hydraulics 81 and the depth o
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Water Hydraulics 83 TYPES OF DIFFER
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Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
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Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
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Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
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Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
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Water Hydraulics 95 Water and Waste
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100 The Science of Water: Concepts
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6 Water Ecology The subject of man
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Water Ecology 157 The environment i
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Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
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Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
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Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
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Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
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Water Ecology 167 2. Likewise, biom
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Water Ecology 169 Population densit
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Water Ecology 171 succession can be
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Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
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Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
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Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
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Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
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Water Ecology 181 It is important t
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Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
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Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
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Water Ecology 195 They push their m
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Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
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Water Ecology 199 Darwin, C., 1998.
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10 Water Treatment Calculations Gup
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Water Treatment Calculations 327 We
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Water Treatment Calculations 329 Th
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Water Treatment Calculations 333 Ex
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Water Treatment Calculations 341 So
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