Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testing/Analysis .........................................................................286 Fluorides ..................................................................................................................287 Recommended Reading .................................................................................................................287 Chapter 9 Water Treatment .......................................................................................................289 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................289 Dr. John Snow .....................................................................................................................289 Cholera ....................................................................................................................289 Flashback to 1854 London .......................................................................................290 Pump Handle Removal—To Water Treatment (Disinfection) ............................................ 291 Conventional Water Treatment ......................................................................................................292 Waterworks Operators ........................................................................................................292 Purpose of Water Treatment ...............................................................................................292 Stages of Water Treatment .............................................................................................................293 Pretreatment ........................................................................................................................293 Aeration ..............................................................................................................................294 Screening ............................................................................................................................294 Chemical Addition ..............................................................................................................295 Chemical Solutions .............................................................................................................296 Chemical Feeders ...............................................................................................................298 Types of Chemical Feeders ......................................................................................298 Chemical Feeder Calibration ..............................................................................................299 Iron and Manganese Removal ............................................................................................300 Iron and Manganese Removal Techniques ..............................................................300 Hardness Treatment ............................................................................................................302 Hardness Calculation ...............................................................................................302 Treatment Methods ..................................................................................................303 Corrosion Control ...............................................................................................................303 Types of Corrosion ...................................................................................................304 Factors Affecting Corrosion ....................................................................................305 Determination of Corrosion Problems .....................................................................305 Corrosion Control ....................................................................................................305 Coagulation ....................................................................................................................................306 Jar Testing Procedure .........................................................................................................309 Flocculation ...................................................................................................................................309 Sedimentation ................................................................................................................................ 310 Filtration ......................................................................................................................................... 310 Types of Filter Technologies ............................................................................................... 311 Slow Sand Filters ..................................................................................................... 311 Rapid Sand Filters .................................................................................................... 312 Pressure Filter Systems ............................................................................................ 313 Diatomaceous Earth Filters ..................................................................................... 313 Direct Filtration ....................................................................................................... 314 Alternate Filters ....................................................................................................... 314 Common Filter Problems .................................................................................................... 314 Disinfection .................................................................................................................................... 315 Chlorination ........................................................................................................................ 316 Chlorine Chemistry ................................................................................................. 318 Breakpoint Chlorination .......................................................................................... 319
xvi The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications Gas Chlorination ......................................................................................................320 Hypochlorination .....................................................................................................320 Determining Chlorine Dosage ................................................................................. 322 Reference ....................................................................................................................................... 323 Further Reading ............................................................................................................................. 323 Chapter 10 Water Treatment Calculations .................................................................................. 325 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 325 Water Source and Storage Calculations .........................................................................................325 Water Source Calculations .................................................................................................. 326 Well Drawdown .......................................................................................................326 Well Yield ................................................................................................................326 Specifi c Yield ........................................................................................................... 327 Well Casing Disinfection ......................................................................................... 328 Deep-Well Turbine Pump Calculations ................................................................... 329 Vertical Turbine Pump Calculations ........................................................................ 329 Water Storage ..................................................................................................................... 333 Water Storage Calculations ................................................................................................. 334 Copper Sulfate Dosing ............................................................................................. 334 Coagulation, Mixing, and Flocculation Calculations .................................................................... 336 Coagulation ......................................................................................................................... 336 Mixing ................................................................................................................................ 336 Flocculation ........................................................................................................................ 337 Coagulation and Flocculation General Calculations .......................................................... 338 Chamber and Basin Volume Calculations ............................................................... 338 Detention Time ........................................................................................................ 339 Determining Dry Chemical Feeder Setting, lb/day .................................................340 Determining Chemical Solution Feeder Setting, gpd.............................................. 341 Determining Chemical Solution Feeder Setting, mL/min ...................................... 341 Determining Percent of Solutions ............................................................................342 Determining Percent Strength of Liquid Solutions ....................................................................... 343 Determining Percent Strength of Mixed Solutions ............................................................344 Dry Chemical Feeder Calibration ......................................................................................344 Solution Chemical Feeder Calibration ...............................................................................346 Determining Chemical Usage ............................................................................................ 347 Paddle Flocculator Calculations .........................................................................................348 Sedimentation Calculations ...........................................................................................................349 Tank Volume Calculations ..................................................................................................349 Calculating Tank Volume ...................................................................................................349 Detention Time ................................................................................................................... 350 Surface Overfl ow Rate ........................................................................................................ 351 Mean Flow Velocity ............................................................................................................ 352 Weir Loading Rate (Weir Overfl ow Rate) .......................................................................... 353 Percent Settled Biosolids .................................................................................................... 354 Determining Lime Dosage, mg/L ...................................................................................... 355 Determining Lime Dosage, lb/day ..................................................................................... 358 Determining Lime Dosage, g/min ...................................................................................... 359 Particle Settling (Sedimentation) ........................................................................................360 Overfl ow Rate (Sedimentation) .......................................................................................... 363
Page 2: Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
Page 5 and 6: Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
Page 8 and 9: Contents Preface ..................
Page 10 and 11: Contents ix Velocity Head .........
Page 12 and 13: Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
Page 14 and 15: Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
Page 18: Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
Page 22: To the Reader In reading this text,
Page 26 and 27: 1 Introduction When color photograp
Page 28 and 29: Introduction 3 On second look, we s
Page 30 and 31: Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
Page 32 and 33: Introduction 7 This scream of lost
Page 34: Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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42 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
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Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
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Water Hydraulics 77 Slope (S) The s
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Water Hydraulics 79 and important c
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Water Hydraulics 81 and the depth o
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Water Hydraulics 83 TYPES OF DIFFER
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Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
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Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
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Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
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Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
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Water Hydraulics 95 Water and Waste
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98 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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100 The Science of Water: Concepts
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6 Water Ecology The subject of man
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Water Ecology 157 The environment i
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Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
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Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
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Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
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Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
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Water Ecology 167 2. Likewise, biom
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Water Ecology 169 Population densit
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Water Ecology 171 succession can be
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Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
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Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
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Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
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Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
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Water Ecology 181 It is important t
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Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
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Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
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Water Ecology 195 They push their m
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Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
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Water Ecology 199 Darwin, C., 1998.
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10 Water Treatment Calculations Gup
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Water Treatment Calculations 327 We
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Water Treatment Calculations 329 Th
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Water Treatment Calculations 333 Ex
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Water Treatment Calculations 337 Fo
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Water Treatment Calculations 341 So
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Water Treatment Calculations 349 In
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