Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: Coleoptera) ........................................................................................... 191 (6) Water Strider (“Jesus bugs”; Order: Hemiptera) ........................................................... 194 (7) Alderfl ies and Dobsonfl ies (Order: Megaloptera) ......................................................... 195 (8) Dragonfl ies and Damselfl ies (Order: Odonata) ............................................................. 196 Noninsect Macroinvertebrates ....................................................................................................... 197 (1) Oligochaeta (Family Tuifi cidae, Genus Tubifex) ........................................................... 197 (2) Hirudinea (Leeches) ...................................................................................................... 198 (3) Gastropoda (Lung-Breathing Snail) .............................................................................. 198 References ...................................................................................................................................... 198 Further Reading ............................................................................................................................ 199 Chapter 7 Water Pollution ......................................................................................................... 201 Sources of Contaminants ............................................................................................................... 201 Radionuclides .................................................................................................................................204 The Chemical Cocktail ..................................................................................................................204 By-Products of Chlorine .....................................................................................................205 Total Trihalomethane ..........................................................................................................206 Public Health Concerns ......................................................................................................207 Existing Regulations ...........................................................................................................207 Information Collection Rule ...............................................................................................207 Groundwater Rule ...............................................................................................................207 Filter Backwash Recycling .................................................................................................208 Opportunities for Public Involvement ................................................................................208 Flocculants ..........................................................................................................................208 Groundwater Contamination .........................................................................................................208 Underground Storage Tanks ...............................................................................................209 MTBE .................................................................................................................................209 What Is MTBE? ....................................................................................................... 210 Why Is MTBE a Drinking Water Concern? ............................................................ 210 Is MTBE in Drinking Water Harmful? ................................................................... 211 How Can People Be Protected? ............................................................................... 211 Recommendations for State or Public Water Suppliers ........................................... 211 Industrial Wastes ................................................................................................................ 212 Septic Tanks ........................................................................................................................ 212 Landfi lls .............................................................................................................................. 212 Agriculture .......................................................................................................................... 213 Saltwater Intrusion .............................................................................................................. 213 Other Sources of Groundwater Contamination .................................................................. 213 Self-Purifi cation of Streams ........................................................................................................... 214 Balancing the “Aquarium” .................................................................................................. 215 Sources of Stream Pollution........................................................................................................... 216 References ...................................................................................................................................... 218 Further Reading ............................................................................................................................. 218 Chapter 8 Environmental Biomonitoring, Sampling, and Testing ............................................ 219 What Is Biomonitoring? ................................................................................................................. 219 Biotic Index (Streams) ...................................................................................................................220 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Biotic Index ............................................................................222 Metrics within the Benthic Macroinvertebrates ......................................................222
xiv The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications Biological Sampling (Streams) ......................................................................................................222 Sampling Stations ...............................................................................................................224 Sample Collection ...............................................................................................................225 Macroinvertebrate Sampling Equipment ............................................................................226 Macroinvertebrate Sampling: Rocky-Bottom Streams .......................................................227 Rocky-Bottom Sampling Method ............................................................................227 Rocky-Bottom Habitat Assessment .........................................................................230 Macroinvertebrate Sampling: Muddy-Bottom Streams...................................................... 233 Muddy-Bottom Sampling Method ...........................................................................234 Muddy-Bottom Stream Habitat Assessment ............................................................236 Post-Sampling Routine .......................................................................................................238 Sampling Devices ...............................................................................................................238 Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature Monitor ..........................................................238 The Winkler DO with Azide Modifi cation Method ................................................238 Sampling Nets .......................................................................................................... 239 Sediment Samplers (Dredges)..................................................................................240 Plankton Sampler .....................................................................................................240 Secchi Disk ..............................................................................................................242 Miscellaneous Sampling Equipment .......................................................................242 The Bottom Line on Biological Sampling ..........................................................................243 Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking Water) ................................................................................243 Is the Water Good or Bad? ..................................................................................................244 State Water Quality Standards Programs ...........................................................................246 Designing a Water Quality Monitoring Program ...............................................................246 General Preparation and Sampling Considerations ............................................................247 Method A: General Preparation of Sampling Containers .......................................247 Method B: Acid Wash Procedures ...........................................................................247 Sample Types ...........................................................................................................248 Collecting Samples from a Stream ..........................................................................248 Sample Preservation and Storage .......................................................................................250 Standardization of Methods................................................................................................250 Test Methods (Water) .......................................................................................................... 251 Titrimetric Methods ................................................................................................. 251 Colorimetric ............................................................................................................. 251 Visual Methods ........................................................................................................ 251 Electronic Methods .................................................................................................. 251 Dissolved Oxygen Testing........................................................................................ 252 Biochemical Oxygen Demand Testing ....................................................................258 Temperature Measurement ...................................................................................... 261 Hardness Measurement ............................................................................................ 261 pH Measurement ......................................................................................................262 Turbidity Measurement ............................................................................................263 Orthophosphate Measurement .................................................................................265 Nitrates Measurement ..............................................................................................267 Solids Measurement .................................................................................................269 Conductivity Testing ................................................................................................ 273 Total Alkalinity........................................................................................................ 274 Fecal Coliform Bacteria Testing .............................................................................. 275 Apparent Color Testing/Analysis .............................................................................284 Odor Analysis of Water ...........................................................................................285
Page 2: Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
Page 5 and 6: Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
Page 8 and 9: Contents Preface ..................
Page 10 and 11: Contents ix Velocity Head .........
Page 12 and 13: Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
Page 16 and 17: Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
Page 18: Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
Page 22: To the Reader In reading this text,
Page 26 and 27: 1 Introduction When color photograp
Page 28 and 29: Introduction 3 On second look, we s
Page 30 and 31: Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
Page 32 and 33: Introduction 7 This scream of lost
Page 34: Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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40 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
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Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
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Water Hydraulics 77 Slope (S) The s
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Water Hydraulics 79 and important c
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Water Hydraulics 81 and the depth o
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Water Hydraulics 83 TYPES OF DIFFER
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Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
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Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
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Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
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Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
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Water Hydraulics 95 Water and Waste
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100 The Science of Water: Concepts
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6 Water Ecology The subject of man
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Water Ecology 157 The environment i
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Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
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Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
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Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
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Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
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Water Ecology 167 2. Likewise, biom
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Water Ecology 169 Population densit
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Water Ecology 171 succession can be
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Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
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Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
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Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
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Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
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Water Ecology 181 It is important t
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Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
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Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
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Water Ecology 195 They push their m
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Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
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Water Ecology 199 Darwin, C., 1998.
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10 Water Treatment Calculations Gup
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Water Treatment Calculations 327 We
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Water Treatment Calculations 329 Th
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Water Treatment Calculations 333 Ex
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Water Treatment Calculations 341 So
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