Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Water Biology 135 Protozoa consume organics to survive; their favorite food is bacteria. Protozoa are mostly aerobic or facultative in regard to oxygen requirements. Toxic materials, pH, and temperature affect protozoan rates of growth in the same way as they affect bacteria. Most protozoan life cycles alternate between an active growth phase (trophozoites) and a resting stage (cysts). Cysts are extremely resistant structures that protect the organism from destruction when it encounters harsh environmental conditions—including chlorination. √ Note: Those protozoans not completely resistant to chlorination require higher disinfectant concentrations and longer contact time for disinfection than normally used in water treatment. The three protozoans and the waterborne diseases associated with them of most concern to the waterworks operator are • • • Giardia lamblia ⎯Cyst, form Giardia lamblia⎯Trophozoite, form Flagellate Amoeba Free-swimming Ciliate FIGURE 5.5 Protozoa. Suctoria Stalked⎯Ciliate Entamoeba histolytica—amebic dysentery G. lamblia—giardiasis Cryptosporidium—cryptosporidiosis
136 The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications In wastewater treatment, protozoa are a critical part of the purifi cation process and can be used to indicate the condition of treatment processes. Protozoa normally associated with wastewater include amoeba, fl agellates, free-swimming ciliates, and stalked ciliates. Amoeba is associated with poor wastewater treatment of a young biosolids mass (see Figure 5.5). They move through wastewater by a streaming or gliding motion. Moving the liquids stored within the cell wall effects this movement. They are normally associated with an effl uent high in BODs and suspended solids. Flagellates (fl agellated protozoa) have a single, long hair- or whip-like projection (fl agella) that is used to propel the free-swimming organisms through wastewater and to attract food (see Figure 5.5). Flagellated protozoans are normally associated with poor treatment and a young biosolids. When the predominate organism is the fl agellated protozoa, the plant effl uent will contain large amounts of BODs and suspended solids. The free-swimming ciliated protozoan uses its tiny, hair-like projections (cilia) to move itself through the wastewater and to attract food (see Figure 5.5). The free-swimming ciliated protozoan is normally associated with a moderate biosolids age and effl uent quality. When the free-swimming ciliated protozoan is the predominate organisms, the plant effl uent will normally be turbid and contain a high amount of suspended solids. The stalked-ciliated protozoan attaches itself to the wastewater solids and uses its cilia to attract food (see Figure 5.5). The stalked ciliated protozoan is normally associated with a plant effl uent that is very clear and contains low amounts of both BODs and suspended solids. Rotifers make up a well-defi ned group of the smallest, simplest multicellular microorganisms and are found in nearly all aquatic habitats (see Figure 5.6). Rotifers are a higher life form associated with cleaner waters. Normally found in well-operated wastewater treatment plants, they can be used to indicate the performance of certain types of treatment processes. FIGURE 5.6 Philodina, a common rotifer.
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Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
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Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
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Contents Preface ..................
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Contents ix Velocity Head .........
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Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
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Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
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Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
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Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
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To the Reader In reading this text,
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1 Introduction When color photograp
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Introduction 3 On second look, we s
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Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
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Introduction 7 This scream of lost
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Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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12 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
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Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
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Water Hydraulics 77 Slope (S) The s
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Water Hydraulics 79 and important c
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Water Hydraulics 81 and the depth o
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Water Hydraulics 83 TYPES OF DIFFER
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Page 118 and 119: Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
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Page 180 and 181: 6 Water Ecology The subject of man
Page 182 and 183: Water Ecology 157 The environment i
Page 184 and 185: Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
Page 186 and 187: Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
Page 188 and 189: Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
Page 190 and 191: Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
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Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
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Water Ecology 195 They push their m
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Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
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Water Ecology 199 Darwin, C., 1998.
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202 The Science of Water: Concepts
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10 Water Treatment Calculations Gup
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