Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Water Treatment Calculations 365 WATER FILTRATION CALCULATIONS Water fi ltration is a physical process of separating suspended and colloidal particles from waste by passing the water through a granular material. The process of fi ltration involves straining, settling, and adsorption. As fl oc passes into the fi lter, the spaces between the fi lter grains become clogged, reducing this opening and increasing removal. Some material is removed merely because it settles on a media grain. One of the most important processes is adsorption of the fl oc onto the surface of individual fi lter grains. In addition to removing silt and sediment, fl ock, algae, insect larvae, and any other large elements, fi ltration also contributes to the removal of bacteria and protozoans such as Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium. Some fi ltration processes are also used for iron and manganese removal. The Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) specifi es four fi ltration technologies, although SWTR also allows the use of alternate fi ltration technologies, e.g., cartridge fi lters. These include slow sand fi ltration/rapid sand fi ltration, pressure fi ltration, diatomaceous earth fi ltration, and direct fi ltration. Of these, all but rapid sand fi ltration are commonly employed in small water systems that use fi ltration. Each type of fi ltration system has advantages and disadvantages. Regardless of the type of fi lter, however, fi ltration involves the processes of straining (where particles are captured in the small spaces between fi lter media grains), sedimentation (where the particles land on top of the grains and stay there), and adsorption (where a chemical attraction occurs between the particles and the surface of the media grains). FLOW RATE THROUGH A FILTER, gpm Flow rate in gpm through a fi lter can be determined by simply converting the gpd fl ow rate, as indicated on the fl ow meter. The fl ow rate (gpm) can be calculated by taking the meter fl ow rate (gpd) and dividing by 1440 min/day as shown in Equation 10.67. Example 10.67 flow rate, gpd Flow rate, gpm 1440 min day Problem: The fl ow rate through a fi lter is 4.25 MGD. What is this fl ow rate expressed as gpm? Solution: 4.25 MGD Flow rate, gpm 1440 minday 4,250,000 gpd 1440 minday 2951 gpm Example 10.68 Problem: During a 70-hour fi lter run, a total of 22.4 million gal of water are fi ltered. What is the average fl ow rate through the fi lter in gpm during this fi lter run? (10.67)
366 The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications Solution: Example 10.69 Flow rate, gpm total gallons produced filter run, min 22,400,000 gal (70 h)(60 min/h) 5333 gpm Problem: At an average fl ow rate of 4000 gpm, how long a fi lter run (in hours) would be required to produce 25 MG of fi ltered water? Solution: Write the equation as usual, fi lling in the known data: Then solve for x: Example 10.70 Flow rate, gpm total gallons produced filter run, min 25,000,000 gal 4000 gpm ( x h)(60 minh) 25,000,000 gal (4000)(60) 104 h Problem: A fi lter box is 20 ft × 30 ft (including the sand area). If the infl uent valve is shut, the water drops 3.0 in./min. What is the rate of fi ltration in MGD? Solution: Given: Find the volume of water passing through the fi lter: Filter box = 20 ft × 30 ft Water drops = 3.0 in./min Volume = area × height Area = width × length √ Note: The best way to perform calculations for this type of problem is step by step, breaking down the problem into what is given and what is to be found.
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Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
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Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
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Contents Preface ..................
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Contents ix Velocity Head .........
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Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
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Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
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Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
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Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
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To the Reader In reading this text,
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1 Introduction When color photograp
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Introduction 3 On second look, we s
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Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
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Introduction 7 This scream of lost
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Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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12 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
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Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
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Water Hydraulics 77 Slope (S) The s
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Water Hydraulics 79 and important c
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Water Hydraulics 81 and the depth o
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Water Hydraulics 83 TYPES OF DIFFER
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Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
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Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
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Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
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Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
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Water Hydraulics 95 Water and Waste
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100 The Science of Water: Concepts
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6 Water Ecology The subject of man
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Water Ecology 157 The environment i
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Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
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Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
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Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
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Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
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Water Ecology 167 2. Likewise, biom
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Water Ecology 169 Population densit
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Water Ecology 171 succession can be
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Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
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Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
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Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
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Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
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Water Ecology 181 It is important t
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Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
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Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
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Water Ecology 195 They push their m
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Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
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Water Ecology 199 Darwin, C., 1998.
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