Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Water Treatment 297 Solution: 30 lb solute % Strength 100 400 lb water 30 lb solute 100 30 lb solute 400 lb water 30 lb solute 100 430 lb solute/water 7.0 rounded Important to making accurate computations of chemical strength is a complete understanding of the dimensional units involved. For example, you should understand exactly what milligrams per liter (mg/L) signifi es. milligrams of solute Milligrams per liter (mg/L) liters of solution Another important dimensional unit commonly used when dealing with chemical solutions is parts per million (ppm). parts of solute Parts per million ppm million parts of solution √ Note: “Parts” is usually a weight measurement. For example, or 9 lb solids 9 ppm 1,000,000 lb solution 9 mg solids 9 ppm 1,000,000 mg solution This leads to two important parameters that water practitioners should commit to memory: ConcentrationsUnits and conversions 1 mg/L 1 ppm 1% 10,000 mg/L When working with chemical solutions, you should also be familiar with two chemical properties briefl y described earlier: density and specifi c gravity. Density is defi ned as the weight of a (9.2) (9.3)
298 The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications substance per unit of its volume; for example, pounds per cubic foot or pounds per gallon. Specifi c gravity is defi ned as the ratio of the density of a substance to a standard density. mass of substance Density volume of substance Here are a few key facts about density (of water): • • • Measured in units of pounds per cubic foot, pounds per gallon, or milligrams per liter Density of water = 62.5 lb/f 3 = 8.34 lb/gal Other densities: concrete = 130 lb/f 3 , alum (liquid at 60°F) = 1.33, and hydrogen peroxide (35%) = 1.132 Specific gravity Here are a few facts about specifi c gravity: • • • density of substance density of water Has no units Specifi c gravity of water = 1.0 Other specifi c gravities: concrete = 2.08, alum (liquid at 60°F) = 1.33, and hydrogen peroxide (355) = 1.132 CHEMICAL FEEDERS Simply put, a chemical feeder is a mechanical device for measuring a quantity of chemical and applying it to water at a preset rate. Types of Chemical Feeders Two types of chemical feeders are commonly used: solution (or liquid) feeders and dry feeders. Liquid feeders apply chemicals in solutions or suspensions. Dry feeders apply chemicals in granular or powdered forms. 1. Solution feeder—Chemical enters and leaves feeder in a liquid state. 2. Dry feeder—Chemical enters and leaves feeder in a dry state. Solution Feeders Solution feeders are small, positive displacement metering pumps of three types: (1) reciprocating (piston-plunger or diaphragm types); (2) vacuum-type (e.g., gas chlorinator); or (3) gravity feed rotameter (e.g., drip feeder). Positive displacement pumps are used in high-pressure, low-fl ow applications; they deliver a specifi c volume of liquid for each stroke of a piston or rotation of an impeller. Dry Feeders Two types of dry feeders are volumetric and gravimetric, depending on whether the chemical is measured by volume (volumetric-type) or weight (gravimetric-type). Simpler and less expensive than gravimetric pumps, volumetric dry feeders are also less accurate. Gravimetric dry feeders are extremely accurate, deliver high feed rates, and are more expensive than volumetric feeders. (9.4) (9.5)
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Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
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Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
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Contents Preface ..................
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Contents ix Velocity Head .........
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Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
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Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
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Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
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Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
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To the Reader In reading this text,
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1 Introduction When color photograp
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Introduction 3 On second look, we s
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Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
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Introduction 7 This scream of lost
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Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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12 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
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Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
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Water Hydraulics 77 Slope (S) The s
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Water Hydraulics 79 and important c
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Water Hydraulics 81 and the depth o
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Water Hydraulics 83 TYPES OF DIFFER
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Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
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Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
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Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
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Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
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Water Hydraulics 95 Water and Waste
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100 The Science of Water: Concepts
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6 Water Ecology The subject of man
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Water Ecology 157 The environment i
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Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
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Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
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Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
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Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
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Water Ecology 167 2. Likewise, biom
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Water Ecology 169 Population densit
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Water Ecology 171 succession can be
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Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
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Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
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Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
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Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
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Water Ecology 181 It is important t
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Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
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Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
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Water Ecology 195 They push their m
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Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
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Water Ecology 199 Darwin, C., 1998.
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