Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................xix To the Reader ..................................................................................................................................xxi About the Author ......................................................................................................................... xxiii Chapter 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................1 Still Water ..........................................................................................................................................2 Setting the Stage ................................................................................................................................5 Historical Perspective ........................................................................................................................7 References ..........................................................................................................................................8 Further Reading .................................................................................................................................8 Chapter 2 All about Water .......................................................................................................... 11 How Special, Strange, and Different Is Water? ............................................................................... 11 Characteristics of Water ...................................................................................................................12 Infl ammable Air + Vital Air = Water .................................................................................12 Just Two H’s and One O ................................................................................................................... 13 Somewhere between 0 and 105° ...................................................................................................... 13 Water’s Physical Properties .............................................................................................................. 14 Capillary Action............................................................................................................................... 14 The Water Cycle ............................................................................................................................... 15 Specifi c Water Movements .............................................................................................................. 15 Q and Q Factors ............................................................................................................................... 17 Sources of Water .............................................................................................................................. 19 Watershed Protection ....................................................................................................................... 19 Multiple-Barrier Concept .................................................................................................................20 Watershed Management ...................................................................................................................20 Water Quality Impact .......................................................................................................................22 Watershed Protection and Regulations ............................................................................................22 A Watershed Protection Plan ...........................................................................................................23 Reservoir Management Practices ....................................................................................................23 Potable Water Source .......................................................................................................................23 Potable Water ...................................................................................................................................23 Key Defi nitions ................................................................................................................................24 Surface Water ...................................................................................................................................25 Location! Location! Location! .........................................................................................................25 How Readily Available Is Potable Water? .......................................................................................25 Advantages and Disadvantages of Surface Water ...........................................................................28 Surface Water Hydrology.................................................................................................................28 Raw Water Storage ...........................................................................................................................29 Surface Water Intakes ......................................................................................................................30 vii
viii The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications Surface-Water Screens .....................................................................................................................30 Surface-Water Quality ..................................................................................................................... 31 Groundwater Supply ........................................................................................................................ 31 Aquifers ........................................................................................................................................... 32 Groundwater Quality ....................................................................................................................... 33 GUDISW ..........................................................................................................................................34 Well Systems .................................................................................................................................... 35 Well Site Requirements.................................................................................................................... 35 Type of Wells ...................................................................................................................................36 Shallow Wells .......................................................................................................................36 Dug Wells ...................................................................................................................36 Driven Wells ..............................................................................................................36 Bored Wells ................................................................................................................36 Deep Wells ............................................................................................................................37 Jetted Wells ................................................................................................................37 Drilled Wells ..............................................................................................................37 Components of a Well ......................................................................................................................37 Well Casing ...........................................................................................................................37 Grout ....................................................................................................................................37 Well Pad ................................................................................................................................37 Sanitary Seal .........................................................................................................................38 Well Screen ...........................................................................................................................38 Casing Vent ...........................................................................................................................38 Drop Pipe ..............................................................................................................................39 Miscellaneous Well Components .........................................................................................39 Well Evaluation ................................................................................................................................39 Well Pumps ......................................................................................................................................40 Routine Operation and Recordkeeping Requirements ....................................................................40 Well Log ...............................................................................................................................40 Well Maintenance ................................................................................................................. 41 Well Abandonment .......................................................................................................................... 41 Water Use ......................................................................................................................................... 41 References ........................................................................................................................................ 43 Further Reading ............................................................................................................................... 43 Chapter 3 Water Hydraulics ........................................................................................................ 45 Terminology ..................................................................................................................................... 45 What Is Water Hydraulics? .............................................................................................................. 45 Basic Concepts .................................................................................................................................46 Stevin’s Law .......................................................................................................................... 47 Properties of Water ..........................................................................................................................48 Density and Specifi c Gravity ................................................................................................48 Force and Pressure ...........................................................................................................................50 Hydrostatic Pressure ............................................................................................................. 51 Effects of Water under Pressure ........................................................................................... 52 Head ............................................................................................................................................... 53 Static Head ............................................................................................................................54 Friction Head ........................................................................................................................54
Page 2: Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
Page 5 and 6: Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
Page 10 and 11: Contents ix Velocity Head .........
Page 12 and 13: Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
Page 14 and 15: Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
Page 16 and 17: Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
Page 18: Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
Page 22: To the Reader In reading this text,
Page 26 and 27: 1 Introduction When color photograp
Page 28 and 29: Introduction 3 On second look, we s
Page 30 and 31: Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
Page 32 and 33: Introduction 7 This scream of lost
Page 34: Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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32 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
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Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
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Water Hydraulics 77 Slope (S) The s
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Water Hydraulics 79 and important c
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Water Hydraulics 81 and the depth o
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Water Hydraulics 83 TYPES OF DIFFER
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Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
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Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
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Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
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Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
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Water Hydraulics 95 Water and Waste
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100 The Science of Water: Concepts
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6 Water Ecology The subject of man
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Water Ecology 157 The environment i
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Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
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Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
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Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
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Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
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Water Ecology 167 2. Likewise, biom
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Water Ecology 169 Population densit
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Water Ecology 171 succession can be
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Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
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Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
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Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
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Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
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Water Ecology 181 It is important t
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Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
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Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
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Water Ecology 195 They push their m
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Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
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Water Ecology 199 Darwin, C., 1998.
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10 Water Treatment Calculations Gup
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Water Treatment Calculations 327 We
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Water Treatment Calculations 329 Th
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Water Treatment Calculations 333 Ex
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