Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Environmental Biomonitoring, Sampling, and Testing 241 (zooplankton) forms. Plankton show a distribution pattern that can be associated with the time of day and seasons. There are three fundamental sizes of plankton: nannoplankton, microplankton, and macroplankton. The smallest are nannoplankton that range in size from 5 to 60 µm (millionth of a meter). Because of their small size, most nannoplankton will pass through the pores of a standard sampling net. Special fi ne mesh nets can be used to capture the larger nannoplankton. Most planktonic organisms fall into the microplankton or net plankton category. The sizes range from the largest nannoplankton to about 2 mm (thousandths of a meter). Nets of various sizes and shapes are used to collect microplankton. The nets collect the organism by fi ltering water through fi ne meshed cloth. The plankton nets on the vessels are used to collect microplankton. The largest-size plankton is called macroplankton. They are visible to the naked eye. The largest can be several meters long. The plankton net or sampler (see Figure 8.10) is a device that makes it possible to collect phytoplankton and zooplankton samples. For quantitative comparisons of different samples, some nets have a fl ow meter used to determine the amount of water passing through the collecting net. The plankton net or sampler provides a mean of obtaining samples of plankton from various depths so that distribution patterns can be studied. Considering the depth of the water column that is sampled can make quantitative determinations. The net can be towed to sample plankton at a single depth (horizontal tow) or lowered into the water to sample the water column (vertical tow). Another possibility is oblique tows where the net is lowered to a predetermined depth and raised at a constant rate as the vessel moves forward. FIGURE 8.10 Plankton net.
242 The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications FIGURE 8.11 Secchi disk. After towing and removal from the stream, the sides of the net are rinsed to dislodge the collected plankton. If a quantitative sample is desired, a certain quantity of water is collected. If the plankton density is low, then the sample may be concentrated using a low-speed centrifuge or some other fi ltering device. A defi nite volume of the sample is studied under the compound microscope for counting and identifi cation of plankton. Secchi Disk A Secchi disk (Figure 8.11) is often used to determine water turbidity or the degree of visibility in a stream. The Secchi disk originated with Father Pietro Secchi, an astrophysicist and scientifi c advisor to the Pope, who was requested to measure transparency in the Mediterranean Sea by the head of the Papal Navy. In April 1865, Secchi used some white disks to measure the clarity of water in the Mediterranean. Various sizes of disks have been used since that time, but the most frequently used disk is an 8-in.-diameter metal disk painted in alternate black and white quadrants. The disk shown in Figure 8.11 is 20 cm in diameter; it is lowered into the stream using the calibrated line. To use the Secchi disk properly, it should be lowered into the stream water until it is no longer visible. At the point where it is no longer visible, a measurement of the depth is taken. This depth is called the Secchi disk transparency light extinction coeffi cient. The best results are usually obtained after early morning and before late afternoon. Miscellaneous Sampling Equipment Several other sampling tools/devices are available for use in sampling a stream. For example, consider the standard sand-mud sieve. Generally made of heavy-duty galvanized 1/8-in. mesh screen supported by a water-sealed 24 × 15 × 3 in. wood frame, this device is useful for collecting burrowing organisms found in soft bottom sediments. Moreover, no stream sampling kit would be complete without a collecting tray, collecting jars of assorted sizes, heavy-duty plastic bags, small pipets, large 2-oz pipets, fi ne mesh straining net, and black china marking pencil. In addition,
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Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
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Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
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Contents Preface ..................
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Contents ix Velocity Head .........
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Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
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Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
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Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
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Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
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To the Reader In reading this text,
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1 Introduction When color photograp
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Introduction 3 On second look, we s
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Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
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Introduction 7 This scream of lost
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Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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12 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
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Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
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Water Hydraulics 77 Slope (S) The s
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Water Hydraulics 79 and important c
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Water Hydraulics 81 and the depth o
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Water Hydraulics 83 TYPES OF DIFFER
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Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
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Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
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Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
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Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
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Water Hydraulics 95 Water and Waste
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100 The Science of Water: Concepts
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6 Water Ecology The subject of man
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Water Ecology 157 The environment i
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Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
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Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
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Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
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Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
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Water Ecology 167 2. Likewise, biom
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Water Ecology 169 Population densit
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Water Ecology 171 succession can be
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Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
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Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
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Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
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Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
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Water Ecology 181 It is important t
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Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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10 Water Treatment Calculations Gup
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Water Treatment Calculations 383 g
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