Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Index 419 Food chain, 165 Food chain effi ciency, 165 Free-swimming ciliated protozoans, 136 Free water surface, 59 Freshwater pond, 160 Friction head, 54 Friction head loss, 68 Fungi, 123, 138–139 Force, 50 Free surface, 79 Friction head, 45 G Galvanic, 304 Gas chlorination, 320 Gaseous cycles, 160 Gases, 101 Generation time, 133 Genotypic changes, 182 Giardia lamblia, 31, 135, 139–145, 311, 318 Giardiasis, 140–142 Grab samples, 248 Granular activated carbon, 211 Gird sampling, 226 Gross primary productivity, 167 Ground slope, 27 Groundwater, 24, 31–33 Groundwater contamination, 208–214 Groundwater Rule, 207 Group, 103 Grout, 37 GUDISW, 19, 32, 34 H Habitat, 158, 179 Habitat assessment, 219 Hardness, 112, 126, 262, 302–303 Hazen-Williams equation, 71 Head, 45, 47, 53–55, 91 Head loss, 60 Head/pressure, 55 Heavy metal, 108, 118 Heterotroph, 158 Heterotrophic organism, 123 Hiker’s disease, 26 Home-made dredge, 240 Horizontal washwater troughs, 383–384 Horsepower, 330 Horsepower calculations, 330–332 Human infl uences, 28 Hydraulic depth, 76 Hydraulic grade line, 60 Hydraulic machines, 64–65 Hydraulic mean depth, 76 Hydraulic radius, 75–76 Hydraulic structures, 91 Hydrology, 24 Hydrostatic pressure, 51–52 Hypochlorination, 320–322 Hypochlorite, 391–396 I Immigration, 158, 169 Impermeable, 24 Impervious surfaces, 28 Inclusions, 133 Industrial wastes, 212 Infi ltration capacity, 174 Infl ammable air, 12 Infl uent stream, 175 Injection wells, 202 Inorganic matter, 109 Insect macroinvertebrates, 187–197 Ion, 98–99 Ion exchange softening, 114, 301 Ionization, 99, 105 Iron and manganese, 300 Iron bacteria, 306 Irrigation, 42 J Jar testing, 308–309 Jetted wells, 37 K Kinetic energy, 61 L Laminar fl ow, 56, 68, 75, 175 Land application, 202 Landfi lls, 202, 212 Laws of conservation, 63 Law of continuity, 57 Laws of thermodynamics, 164 Leachate, 212 Leeches, 198 Legionella, 31 Levels of organization, 158–159 Lime dosage, 355–360 Limiting factor, 158, 179 Liquid, 100 Lung-breathing snails, 198 M Macroinvertebrate index, 223 Madricoles, 180 Magnetic fl owmeters, 85–86 Major head loss, 70 Manning equation, 71 Manning Roughness Coeffi cient, 77–78 Mass, 100 Mass concentration, 98
420 The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications Matter, 98, 100–104 Mayfl ies, 187–188 Mean fl ow velocity, 352–353 Meandering, 177 Membrane fi ltration techniques, 282 Mesosomes, 132 Metrics, 222 Microbial contaminants, 207 Microbiological processes, 139–150 Microbiology, 121 Microhabitats, 181 Minor head loss, 71 Miscible, 97 Mixed media, 380 Mixing, 336 Mixing calculations, 337 Mixture, 99 Molecule, 99, 102, 104 Mortality, 169 Motor horsepower, 330 MPN method, 39 MTBE, 209–212 Muddy-bottom streams, 233 Multiple-barrier concept, 20 N Nappe, 91 Natality, 169 Nekton, 10 Net community productivity, 167 Net primary productivity, 167 Neustons, 180 Niche, 158 Nitrate, 119, 267–269 Nitrate electrode method, 269 Nitrifi cation, 162 Nitrogen, 118–119 Nitrogen cycle, 161–162 Nitrogen fi xation, 161 Nonbiodegradable, 116 Nonpoint pollution, 158 Nonpoint sources, 203, 218 Nonuniform fl ow, 69 Nucleoid, 133 Nucleus, 101 Number of pyramids, 167 Nutrients, 118–119 O Odor analysis, 285 Odors, 286 Old fi eld succession, 170 Ontogenetic change, 182 Open-channel fl ow, 74–83 Open-channel fl ow calculation, 77–78 Organic chemicals, 116 Organic matter, 10 Organics, 115 Orifi ce, 83–84 Overfl ow rate, 363–364 Overland fl ow, 24 Oxygen sag curve, 221 P Paddle fl occulator, 348–349 Parshall fl ume, 93 Particle settling, 360–363 Parts per million (PPM), 297 Patterns of distribution, 169 Percent of solutions, 342–343 Percent mud ball volume, 376–377 Percent settled biosolids, 354–355 Percent strength of liquid solutions, 343–344 Percent strength of mixed solutions, 344 Perennial stream, 175 Period, 103 Periodic table, 103 Periphytons, 180 Permeable, 24 pH, 110 pH measurement, 262–263 pH meters, 263 Phenotypic changes, 182 Phosphorus, 119, 163–164, 265–267 Piezometer, 59 Piezometric surface, 58–59 Pili, 128 Piping, 72–74 Piping networks, 73 Pitot tube, 85 Pitting, 304 Plankton, 180 Plankton net, 241 Plankton samples, 240 Planktonic, 186 Plasma membrane, 128, 132 Point source, 158, 203, 217 Pollution, 158 Polymer, 307 Pools, 178 Population, 158, 168 Population ecology, 168–172 Porosity, 24 Positive-displacement fl owmeters, 90 Positive rheotaxis, 182 Positive thigmataxis, 182 Potable water, 23–24 Potassium permanganate oxidation, 301–302 Potential energy, 61 Precipitate, 100 Precipitation, 15, 17, 24 Precipitation of iron and manganese, 300 Pressure, 45, 50 Pressure fi lter system, 313 Pressure/head, 54–55 Pretreatment, 293 Primary consumers, 165 Productivity index, 39 Prokaryotic, 127 Prokaryotic cell, 123
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Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
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Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
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Contents Preface ..................
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Contents ix Velocity Head .........
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Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
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Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
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Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
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Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
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To the Reader In reading this text,
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1 Introduction When color photograp
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Introduction 3 On second look, we s
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Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
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Introduction 7 This scream of lost
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Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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12 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
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Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
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Water Hydraulics 77 Slope (S) The s
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Water Hydraulics 79 and important c
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Water Hydraulics 81 and the depth o
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Water Hydraulics 83 TYPES OF DIFFER
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Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
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Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
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Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
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Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
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Water Hydraulics 95 Water and Waste
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100 The Science of Water: Concepts
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6 Water Ecology The subject of man
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Water Ecology 157 The environment i
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Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
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Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
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Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
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Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
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Water Ecology 167 2. Likewise, biom
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Water Ecology 169 Population densit
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Water Ecology 171 succession can be
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Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
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Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
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Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
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Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
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Water Ecology 181 It is important t
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Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
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Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
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Water Ecology 195 They push their m
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Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
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Water Ecology 199 Darwin, C., 1998.
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10 Water Treatment Calculations Gup
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Water Treatment Calculations 327 We
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Water Treatment Calculations 329 Th
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Water Treatment Calculations 333 Ex
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Water Treatment Calculations 335 me
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Water Treatment Calculations 337 Fo
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Water Treatment Calculations 341 So
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Water Treatment Calculations 363 St
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