Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Water Biology 125 √ Note: Escherichia coli is commonly known as simply E. coli, while Giardia lamblia is usually referred to by only its genus name, Giardia. Generally, we use a simplifi ed system of microorganism classifi cation in water science, breaking down classifi cation into the kingdoms of animal, plant, and protista. As a rule, the animal and plant kingdoms contain all the multicelled organisms, and the protists contain all the single-celled organisms. Along with microorganism classifi cation based on the animal, plant, and protista kingdoms, microorganisms can be further classifi ed as being eukaryotic or prokaryotic (see Table 5.1). √ Note: A eukaryotic organism is characterized by a cellular organization that includes a welldefi ned nuclear membrane. The prokaryotes have structural organization that sets them off from all other organisms. They are simple cells characterized by a nucleus lacking a limiting membrane, an endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. They are remarkably adaptable, existing abundantly in the soil, the sea, and fresh water. DIFFERENTIATION Differentiation among the higher forms of life is based almost entirely upon morphological (form or structure) differences. However, differentiation (even among the higher forms) is not as easily accomplished as you might expect, because normal variations among individuals of the same species occur frequently. Because of this variation even within a species, securing accurate classifi cation when dealing with single-celled microscopic forms that present virtually no visible structural differences becomes extremely diffi cult. Under these circumstances, it is necessary to consider physiological, cultural, and chemical differences, as well as structure and form. Differentiation among the smaller groups of bacteria is based almost wholly upon chemical differences. THE CELL Amoebas at the start Were not complex; They tore themselves apart And started Sex. TABLE 5.1 Simplifi ed Classifi cation of Microorganisms Kingdom Members Cell Classifi cation Animal Rotifers Crustaceans Worms and larvae Eukaryotic Plant Ferns Mosses Protista Protozoa Algae Fungi Bacteria Prokaryotic Lower algae forms —A. Guiterman (1871–1943)
126 The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications Cells are the fundamental units of life. The cell retains a dual existence as distinct entity and a building block in the construction of organisms. These conclusions about cells were observed and published by Schleiden (1838). Later, Rudolph Virchow added the powerful dictum, “Omnis cellula e cellula” … “All cells only arise from preexisting cells.” This important tenet, along with others, formed the basis of what we call cell theory. The modern tenets of the cell theory include the following: • • • • • • All known living things are made up of cells. The cell is structural and functional unit of all living things. All cells come from preexisting cells by division. Cells contain hereditary information, which is passed from cell to cell during cell division. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition. All energy fl ow of life occurs within cells. The modern tenets, of course, postdated Robert Hooke’s 1663 discovery of cells in a piece of cork, which he examined under his primitive microscope. Hooke drew the cell (actually it was the cell wall he observed) and coined the word cell. The word cell is derived from the Latin word cellula, which means small compartment. Thus, since the 19 th century, we have known that all living things, whether animal or plant, are made up of cells. Again, the fundamental unit of all living things, no matter how complex, is the cell. A typical cell is an entity isolated from other cells by a membrane or cell wall. The cell membrane contains protoplasm (the living material found within them) and the nucleus. In a typical mature plant cell (see Figure 5.1), the cell wall is rigid and is composed of nonliving material, while in the typical animal cell (see Figure 5.2) the wall is an elastic living membrane. Cell wall Vacuole FIGURE 5.1 Plant cell. Cytoplasm Chloroplast Cell membrane Nucleus
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Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
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Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
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Contents Preface ..................
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Contents ix Velocity Head .........
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Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
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Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
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Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
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Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
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To the Reader In reading this text,
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1 Introduction When color photograp
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Introduction 3 On second look, we s
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Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
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Introduction 7 This scream of lost
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Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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12 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
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Page 118 and 119: Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
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Page 180 and 181: 6 Water Ecology The subject of man
Page 182 and 183: Water Ecology 157 The environment i
Page 184 and 185: Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
Page 186 and 187: Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
Page 188 and 189: Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
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Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
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Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
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Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
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Water Ecology 181 It is important t
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Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
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Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
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Water Ecology 195 They push their m
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Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
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Water Ecology 199 Darwin, C., 1998.
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202 The Science of Water: Concepts
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10 Water Treatment Calculations Gup
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Water Treatment Calculations 327 We
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Water Treatment Calculations 383 g
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