Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Environmental Biomonitoring, Sampling, and Testing 277 Routine Sampling Requirements 1. Total coliform samples must be collected at sites, which are representative of water quality throughout the distribution system according to a written sample siting plan subject to state review and revision. 2. Samples must be collected at regular time intervals throughout the month except groundwater systems serving 4900 persons or fewer may be collected on the same day. 3. Monthly sampling requirements are based on population served. 4. A reduced monitoring frequency may be available for systems serving 1000 persons or fewer and using only groundwater if a sanitary survey within the past 5 years shows that the system is free of sanitary defects (the frequency may be no less than 1 sample/quarter for community and 1 sample/year for noncommunity systems). 5. Each total coliform-positive routine sample must be tested for the presence of fecal coliforms or E. coli. Repeat Sampling Requirements 1. Within 24 h of learning of a total coliform-positive ROUTINE sample result, at least three REPEAT samples must be collected and analyzed for total coliforms. 2. One REPEAT sample must be collected from the same tap as the original sample. 3. One REPEAT sample must be collected within fi ve service connections upstream. 4. One REPEAT sample must be collected within fi ve service connections downstream. 5. Systems that collect 1 ROUTINE sample per month or fewer must collect a fourth REPEAT sample. 6. If any REPEAT sample is total coliform-positive: a. The system must analyze that total coliform-positive culture for fecal coliforms or E. coli. b. The system must collect another set of REPEAT samples, as before, unless the MCL has been violated and the system has notifi ed the state. Additional Routine Sample Requirements A positive ROUTINE or REPEAT total coliform result requires a minimum of fi ve ROUTINE samples be collected the following month the system provides water to the public unless waived by the state. Public system ROUTINE monitoring frequency is shown in Table 8.9. Other Total Coliform Rule Provisions 1. Systems collecting fewer than fi ve ROUTINE samples per month must have a sanitary survey every 5 years (or every 10 years if it is a noncommunity water system using protected and disinfected groundwater). 2. Systems using surface water or groundwater under the direct infl uence of surface water (GWUDI) and meeting fi ltration avoidance criteria must collect and have one coliform sample analyzed each day if the turbidity of the source water exceeds 1 NTU. This sample must be collected from a tap near the fi rst service connection. Compliance Compliance is based on the presence or absence of total coliforms. Moreover, compliance is determined each calendar month the system serves water to the public (or each calendar month that sampling occurs for systems on reduced monitoring). The results of ROUTINE and REPEAT samples are used to calculate compliance. With regard to violations, a monthly MCL violation is triggered if a system collecting fewer than 40 samples per month has greater than 1 ROUTINE/REPEAT sample per month, which is total coliform-positive. In addition, if a system collecting at least 40 samples per month has greater than 5% of the ROUTINE/REPEAT samples in a month total coliform-positive, it is technically in violation of the Total Coliform Rule. An acute MCL violation is triggered if any public water system
278 The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications TABLE 8.9 Public Water System ROUTINE Monitoring Frequencies Population Minimum Samples/Month 25–1,000 a 1 25–1,000 a 1 1001–2500 2 2501–3300 3 3301–4100 4 4101–4900 5 4901–5800 6 5801–6700 7 6701–7600 8 7601–8500 9 8501–12,900 10 12,901–17,200 15 17,201–21,500 20 21,501–25,000 25 25,001–33,000 30 33,001–41,000 40 41,001–50,000 50 50,001–59,000 60 59,001–70,000 70 70,001–83,000 80 83,001–96,000 90 96,001–130,000 100 130,000–220,000 120 220,001–320,000 150 320,001–450,000 180 450,001–600,000 210 600,001–780,000 240 780,001–970,000 270 970,001–1,230,000 330 1,520,001–1,850,000 360 1,850,001–2,270,000 390 2,270,001–3,020,000 420 3,020,001–3,960,000 450 ≥3,960,001 480 a Includes PWSs, which have at least 15 service connections but serve
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Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
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Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
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Contents Preface ..................
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Contents ix Velocity Head .........
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Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
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Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
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Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
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Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
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To the Reader In reading this text,
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1 Introduction When color photograp
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Introduction 3 On second look, we s
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Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
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Introduction 7 This scream of lost
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Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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12 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
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Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
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Water Hydraulics 77 Slope (S) The s
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Water Hydraulics 79 and important c
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Water Hydraulics 81 and the depth o
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Water Hydraulics 83 TYPES OF DIFFER
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Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
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Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
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Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
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Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
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Water Hydraulics 95 Water and Waste
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100 The Science of Water: Concepts
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6 Water Ecology The subject of man
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Water Ecology 157 The environment i
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Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
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Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
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Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
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Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
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Water Ecology 167 2. Likewise, biom
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Water Ecology 169 Population densit
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Water Ecology 171 succession can be
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Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
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Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
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Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
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Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
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Water Ecology 181 It is important t
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Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
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Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
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Water Ecology 195 They push their m
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Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
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Water Ecology 199 Darwin, C., 1998.
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Water Treatment Calculations 383 g
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Water Treatment Calculations 387 No
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