Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Water Biology 127 Cells exist in a very great variety of sizes and shapes, as well as functions. The cell is the smallest functioning unit of a living thing that still has the characteristics of the whole organism. Size ranges from bacteria too small to be seen with the light microscope to the largest single cell known, the ostrich egg. Microbial cells also have an extensive size range, some being larger than human cells. √ Interesting Point: The small size of a cell is limited by the volume capable of holding genetic material, proteins, etc., which are necessary to carry out the basic cell functions and reproduction. The large size of a cell is limited by metabolism. A cell must take in adequate amounts of oxygen and nutrients and get rid of wastes. TYPES OF CELLS Mitochondrion FIGURE 5.2 Animal cell. Lysosome Cytoplasm Centrosome Ribosomes Cell membrane Nucleus Cells are of two fundamental types, prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic (meaning before nucleus) cells are simpler in design from eukaryotic cells, possessing neither a nucleus nor the organelles (i.e., internal cell structures, each of which has a specifi c function within the cells) found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic (meaning true nucleus) cells. Because prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, DNA is in a “nucleiod” region. With the exception of archaebacteria, proteins are not associated with bacterial DNA. Bacteria are the best known and the most studied form of prokaryotic organisms (see Figure 5.3). √ Important Point: Cells may exist as independent units, e.g., the protozoa, or as parts of multicellular organisms from which the cells may develop specializations and form tissues and organs with specifi c purposes.
128 The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications FIGURE 5.3 Bacterial cell. Capsule Inclusions Nuclear material Cell membrane Cytoplasm Mesosome Ribosomes Cell wall Flagellum Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that do not develop or differentiate into multicellular forms. Some bacteria grow in fi laments, or masses of cells, but each cell in the colony is identical and capable of independent existence. Prokaryotes are capable of inhabiting almost every place on the Earth, from the deep ocean to the edges of hot springs to just about every surface of our bodies. √ Important Point: It is often stated that prokaryotic cells are among the most primitive forms of life on the Earth. However, it is important to point out that primitive does not mean they are outdated in the evolutionary sense because primitive bacteria may seem little changed, and thus may be viewed as well adapted. As mentioned, prokaryotes are distinguished from eukaryotes on the basis of nuclear organization, specifi cally their lack of a nuclear membrane. Also, prokaryotes are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells. Again, prokaryotes also lack any of the intracellular organelles (i.e., internal cell structures, each of which has a specifi c function within the cell) and structures that are characteristic of eukaryotic cells. Most of the functions of organelles, such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the Golgi apparatus, are taken over by the prokaryotic plasma membrane. Prokaryotic cells have three architectural regions: appendages called fl agell a and pili—proteins attached to the cell surface; a cell envelope consisting of a capsule, a cell wall, and a plasma membrane; and a cytoplasmic region that contains the cell genome (DNA) and ribosomes and various sorts of inclusions. Eukaryotic cells evolved about 1.5 billion years ago. Protists, fungi, plants, and animals have eukaryotic cells—all plants and animals are eukaryotes. They are larger, as much as 10 times the size of prokaryotic cells and most of their genetic material is found within a membrane-bound nucleus (a true nucleus), which is generally surrounded by several membrane-bound organelles.
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Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
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Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
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Contents Preface ..................
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Contents ix Velocity Head .........
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Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
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Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
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Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
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Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
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To the Reader In reading this text,
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1 Introduction When color photograp
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Introduction 3 On second look, we s
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Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
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Introduction 7 This scream of lost
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Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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12 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
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Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
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Page 110 and 111: Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
Page 112 and 113: Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
Page 114 and 115: Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
Page 116 and 117: Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
Page 118 and 119: Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
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Page 180 and 181: 6 Water Ecology The subject of man
Page 182 and 183: Water Ecology 157 The environment i
Page 184 and 185: Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
Page 186 and 187: Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
Page 188 and 189: Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
Page 190 and 191: Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
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Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
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Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
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Water Ecology 181 It is important t
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Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
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Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
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Water Ecology 195 They push their m
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Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
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Water Ecology 199 Darwin, C., 1998.
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202 The Science of Water: Concepts
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10 Water Treatment Calculations Gup
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Water Treatment Calculations 327 We
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