Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Environmental Biomonitoring, Sampling, and Testing 271 the water in an oven and completely drying the residue, then weighing the beaker with the residue. The total solids concentration is equal to the difference between the weight of the beaker with the residue and the weight of the beaker without it. Since the residue is so light in weight, the lab needs a balance that is sensitive to weights in the range of 0.0001 g. Balances of this type are called analytical or Mettler balances and they are expensive (around $3000). The technique requires that the beakers be kept in a desiccator, a sealed glass container that contains material that absorbs moisture and ensures that the weighing is not biased by water condensing on the beaker. Some desiccants change color to indicate moisture content. The measurement of total solids cannot be done in the fi eld. Samples must be collected using clean glass or plastic bottles, or Whirl-pak bags and taken to a laboratory where the test can be run. Total Suspended Solids As mentioned, the term solids means any material suspended or dissolved in water and wastewater. Although normal domestic wastewater contains a very small amount of solids (usually less than 0.1%), most treatment processes are designed specifi cally to remove or convert solids to a form that can be removed or discharged without causing environmental harm. In sampling for total suspended solids (TSS), samples may be either grab or composite and can be collected in either glass or plastic containers. TSS samples can be preserved by refrigeration at or below 4°C (not frozen). However, composite samples must be refrigerated during collection. The maximum holding time for preserved samples is 7 days. Test Procedure In short, to conduct a TSS test procedure, a well-mixed measured sample is poured into a fi ltration apparatus and with the aid of a vacuum pump or aspirator, is drawn through a preweighed glass fi ber fi lter. After fi ltration, the glass fi lter is dried at 103–105°C, cooled, and reweighed. The increase in weight of the fi lter and solids compared to the fi lter alone represents the TSS. An example of the specifi c test procedure used for TSS is given below. 1. Select a sample volume that will yield between 10 and 200 mg of residue with a fi ltration time of 10 min or less. √ Note: If fi ltration time exceeds 10 min, increase fi lter area or decrease volume to reduce fi ltration time. √ Note: For nonhomogenous samples or samples with very high solids concentrations (i.e., raw wastewater or mixed liquor), use a larger fi lter to ensure a representative sample volume can be fi ltered. 2. Place preweighed glass fi ber fi lter on the fi ltration assembly in a fi lter fl ask. 3. Mix the sample well and measure the selected volume of sample. 4. Apply suction to the fi lter fl ask, and wet the fi lter with a small amount of laboratory-grade water to seal it. 5. Pour the selected sample volume into the fi ltration apparatus. 6. Draw the sample through the fi lter. 7. Rinse the measuring device into the fi ltration apparatus with three successive 10-mL portions of laboratory-grade water. Allow complete drainage between rinsings. 8. Continue suction for 3 min after fi ltration of fi nal rinse is completed. 9. Remove the glass fi lter from the fi ltration assembly (membrane fi lter funnel or clean Gooch crucible). If using the large disks and membrane fi lter assembly, transfer the glass fi lter to a support (aluminum pan or evaporating dish) for drying. 10. Place the glass fi lter with solids and support (pan, dish, or crucible) in a drying oven. 11. Dry the fi lter and solids to a constant weight at 103–105°C (at least 1 h).
272 The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications 12. Cool to room temperature in a desiccator. 13. Weigh the fi lter and support and record the constant weight in the test record. TSS Calculations To determine the TSS concentration in milligrams per liter, we use the following equations: 1. To determine weight of dry solids in grams Drysolids,g wt.of drysolidsand filter,g wt.of dry filter,g (8.7) 2. To determine weight of dry solids in milligrams (mg) Drysolids,mg wt.ofsolidsand filter,g wt.of dry filter,g (8.8) 3. To determine the TSS concentration in mg/L Example 8.4 Problem: Using the data provided below, calculate TSS: Solution: Dry Solids, mg1000 mL TSS, mg/L mL sample Sample volume, mL 250mL Weight of dry solids and filter, g 2.305g Weight of dry filter, g 2.297g Drysolids,g 2.305g 2.297g 0.008g Drysolids,mg 0.008g 1,000mg/g 8mg 8.0 1000 mL/L TSS, mg/L 32.0 mg/L 250 mL Volatile Suspended Solids Testing When the TSS are ignited at 550 ± 50°C, the volatile (organic) suspended solids of the sample are converted to water vapor and carbon dioxide and are released into the atmosphere. The solids that remain after the ignition (ash) are the inorganic or fi xed solids. In addition to the equipment and supplies required for the TSS test, you need the following: 1. Muffl e furnace (550 ± 50°C) 2. Ceramic dishes 3. Furnace tongs 4. Insulated gloves Test Procedure An example of the test procedure used for volatile suspended solids is given below: 1. Place the weighed fi lter with solids and support from the TSS test in the muffl e furnace. 2. Ignite fi lter, solids, and support at 550 ± 50°C for 15–20 min. (8.9)
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Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
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Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
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Contents Preface ..................
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Contents ix Velocity Head .........
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Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
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Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
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Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
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Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
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To the Reader In reading this text,
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1 Introduction When color photograp
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Introduction 3 On second look, we s
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Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
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Introduction 7 This scream of lost
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Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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12 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
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Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
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Water Hydraulics 77 Slope (S) The s
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Water Hydraulics 79 and important c
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Water Hydraulics 81 and the depth o
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Water Hydraulics 83 TYPES OF DIFFER
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Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
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Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
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Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
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Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
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Water Hydraulics 95 Water and Waste
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100 The Science of Water: Concepts
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6 Water Ecology The subject of man
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Water Ecology 157 The environment i
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Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
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Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
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Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
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Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
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Water Ecology 167 2. Likewise, biom
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Water Ecology 169 Population densit
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Water Ecology 171 succession can be
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Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
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Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
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Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
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Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
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Water Ecology 181 It is important t
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Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
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Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
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Water Ecology 195 They push their m
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Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
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Water Ecology 199 Darwin, C., 1998.
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10 Water Treatment Calculations Gup
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