Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Water Treatment Calculations 387 Now calculate the chlorine, lb, required: Example 10.105 Chlorine, lb (chlorine, mgL)(volume, MG)(8.34 lbgal) (48 mgL)(0.008221 MG)(8.34 lbgal) 3.3 lb Problem: A chlorinator setting is 30 lb/24 h. If the fl ow being chlorinated is 1.25 MGD, what is the chlorine dosage expressed in mg/L? Solution: Example 10.106 Chlorine, lbday ( chlorine, mgL)(flow, MGD)( 8.34 lbgal) 30 lbd ( x mgL) flow (MGD) 8.34 lbgal 30 x (1.25)(8.34) x 2.9 mgL Problem: A fl ow of 1600 gpm is to be chlorinated. At a chlorinator setting of 48 lb per 24 h, what would be the chlorine dosage in mg/L? Solution: Convert the gpm fl ow rate into MGD fl ow rate: Calculate the chlorine dosage in mg/L: (1600 gpm)(1440 minday) 2,304,000 gpd 2.304 MGD Chlorine (lbday) chlorine (mgL) flow (MGD) ( x mgL)(2.304 MGD)(8.34 lbgal) 48 lbday 48 x (2.304)(8.34) x 2.5 mgL
388 The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications CALCULATING CHLORINE DOSE, DEMAND, AND RESIDUAL Common terms used in chlorination include the following: • • • Chlorine dose—The amount of chlorine added to the system. It can be determined by adding the desired residual for the fi nished water to the chlorine demand of the untreated water. Dosage can be either milligrams per liter (mg/L) or pounds per day (lb/day). The most common is mg/L. Chlorine dose, mg/L = chlorine demand, mg/L + chlorine, mg/L Chlorine demand—The amount of chlorine used by iron, manganese, turbidity, algae, and microorganisms in the water. Because the reaction between chlorine and microorganisms is not instantaneous, demand is relative to time. For instance, the demand 5 min after applying chlorine will be less than the demand after 20 min. Demand, like dosage, is expressed in mg/L. The chlorine demand is as follows: Chlorine demand = chlorine dose – chlorine residual Chlorine residual—The amount of chlorine (determined by testing) remaining after the demand is satisfi ed. Residual, like demand, is based on time. The longer the time after dosage, the lower the residual will be, until all of the demand has been satisfi ed. Residual, like dosage and demand, is expressed in mg/L. The presence of a free residual of at least 0.2–0.4 ppm usually provides a high degree of assurance that the disinfection of the water is complete. Combined residual is the result of combining free chlorine with nitrogen compounds. Combined residuals are also called chloramines. Total chlorine residual is the mathematical combination of free and combined residuals. Total residual can be determined directly with standard chlorine residual test kits. The following examples, using Equation 10.89, show the calculation of chlorine dose, demand, and residual. Example 10.107 Chlorine dose, mgLCl demand, mg/L Cl residual, mg L (10.89) Problem: A water sample is tested and found to have a chlorine demand of 1.7 mg/L. If the desired chlorine residual is 0.9 mg/L, what is the desired chlorine dose in mg/L? Solution: Chlorine dose, mg/L chlorine demand, mgLchlorine residual, mgL 1.7 mgL0.9 mgL 2.6 mg L chlorine dose
Page 2:
Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
Page 5 and 6:
Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
Page 8 and 9:
Contents Preface ..................
Page 10 and 11:
Contents ix Velocity Head .........
Page 12 and 13:
Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
Page 14 and 15:
Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
Page 16 and 17:
Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
Page 18:
Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
Page 22:
To the Reader In reading this text,
Page 26 and 27:
1 Introduction When color photograp
Page 28 and 29:
Introduction 3 On second look, we s
Page 30 and 31:
Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
Page 32 and 33:
Introduction 7 This scream of lost
Page 34:
Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
Page 37 and 38:
12 The Science of Water: Concepts a
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 70 and 71:
3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
Page 72 and 73:
Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
Page 74 and 75:
Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
Page 76 and 77:
Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
Page 78 and 79:
Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
Page 80 and 81:
Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
Page 82 and 83:
Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
Page 84 and 85:
Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
Page 86 and 87:
Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
Page 88 and 89:
Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
Page 90 and 91:
Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
Page 92 and 93:
Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
Page 94 and 95:
Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
Page 96 and 97:
Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
Page 98 and 99:
Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
Page 100 and 101:
Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
Page 102 and 103:
Water Hydraulics 77 Slope (S) The s
Page 104 and 105:
Water Hydraulics 79 and important c
Page 106 and 107:
Water Hydraulics 81 and the depth o
Page 108 and 109:
Water Hydraulics 83 TYPES OF DIFFER
Page 110 and 111:
Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
Page 112 and 113:
Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
Page 114 and 115:
Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
Page 116 and 117:
Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
Page 118 and 119:
Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
Page 120:
Water Hydraulics 95 Water and Waste
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
100 The Science of Water: Concepts
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 180 and 181:
6 Water Ecology The subject of man
Page 182 and 183:
Water Ecology 157 The environment i
Page 184 and 185:
Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
Page 186 and 187:
Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
Page 188 and 189:
Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
Page 190 and 191:
Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
Page 192 and 193:
Water Ecology 167 2. Likewise, biom
Page 194 and 195:
Water Ecology 169 Population densit
Page 196 and 197:
Water Ecology 171 succession can be
Page 198 and 199:
Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
Page 200 and 201:
Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
Page 202 and 203:
Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
Page 204 and 205:
Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
Page 206 and 207:
Water Ecology 181 It is important t
Page 208 and 209:
Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
Page 210 and 211:
Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
Page 212 and 213:
Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
Page 214 and 215:
Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
Page 216 and 217:
Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
Page 218 and 219:
Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
Page 220 and 221:
Water Ecology 195 They push their m
Page 222 and 223:
Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
Page 224:
Water Ecology 199 Darwin, C., 1998.
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 350 and 351:
10 Water Treatment Calculations Gup
Page 352 and 353:
Water Treatment Calculations 327 We
Page 354 and 355:
Water Treatment Calculations 329 Th
Page 356 and 357:
Water Treatment Calculations 331 Th
Page 358 and 359:
Water Treatment Calculations 333 Ex
Page 360 and 361:
Water Treatment Calculations 335 me
Page 362 and 363: Water Treatment Calculations 337 Fo
Page 364 and 365: Water Treatment Calculations 339 Ex
Page 366 and 367: Water Treatment Calculations 341 So
Page 368 and 369: Water Treatment Calculations 343 No
Page 370 and 371: Water Treatment Calculations 345 Th
Page 374 and 375: Water Treatment Calculations 349 In
Page 388 and 389: Water Treatment Calculations 363 St
Page 390 and 391: Water Treatment Calculations 365 WA
Page 392 and 393: Water Treatment Calculations 367 St
Page 404 and 405: Water Treatment Calculations 379 Se
Page 406 and 407: Water Treatment Calculations 381 µ
Page 408 and 409: Water Treatment Calculations 383 g
Page 420 and 421: Water Treatment Calculations 395 Ca
Page 424: Water Treatment Calculations 399 Mo
Page 427 and 428: 402 The Science of Water: Concepts
Page 447: 422 The Science of Water: Concepts
show all

Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?