Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Water Treatment Calculations 357 Example 10.58 Problem: A total of 44 mg/L alkalinity is required to react with alum and ensure proper precipitation. If the raw water has an alkalinity of 30 mg/L as bicarbonate, how many mg/L alkalinity should be added to the water? Solution: Alkalinity to be added, mg/L total alkalinity required, mg/Lalkalinity present in the water, mgL 44 mgL30mgL 14 mgL alkalinity to be added In Step 3, after determining the amount of alkalinity to be added to the water, we determine how much lime (the source of alkalinity) needs to be added. We accomplish this by using the ratio shown in Example 10.59. Example 10.59 Problem: It has been calculated that 16 mg/L alkalinity must be added to a raw water. How much mg/L lime will be required to provide this amount of alkalinity? (1 mg/L alum reacts with 0.45 mg/L and 1 mg/L alum reacts with 0.35 mg/L lime.) Solution: First, determine the mg/L lime required by using a proportion that relates bicarbonate alkalinity to lime: Next, we cross-multiply: 0.45 mgL alkalinity 16 mgL alkalinity 0.35 mgL lime x mgL lime 0.45 x (16)(0.35) (16)(0.35) x 0.45 x 12. 4 mgL lime In Example 10.60, we use all three steps to determine lime dosage (mg/L) required. Example 10.60 Problem: Given the following data, calculate the lime dose required, in mg/L: Alum dose required (determined by jar tests)—52 mg/L Residual alkalinity required for precipitation—30 mg/L
358 The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications 1 mg/L alum reacts with 0.35 mg/L lime 1 mg/L alum reacts with 0.45 mg/L alkalinity Raw water alkalinity—36 mg/L Solution: To calculate the total alkalinity required, you must fi rst calculate the alkalinity that will react with 52 mg/L alum: 0.45 mgL alkalinity x mgL alkalinity 1 mgL alum 52 mgL alum (0. 45)( 52) x 23. 4 mgL alkalinity x The total alkalinity requirement can now be determined: Total alkalinity required, mgLalkalinity to react with alum, mgLresidual alkalinity, mgL 23.4 mgL30mgL 53.4 mg L total alkalinity required Next, calculate how much alkalinity must be added to the water: Alkalinity to be added, mgLtotal alkalinity required, mgLalkalinity present, mgL 53.4 mgL36mgL 17.4 mgL alkalinity to be added to the water Finally, calculate the lime required to provide this additional alkalinity: 0.45 mgL alkalinity 17.4 mgL alkalinity 0.35 mgL lime x mgL lime 0.45 x (17.4)(0.35) (17.4)(0.35) x 0.45 x 13.5 mgL lime DETERMINING LIME DOSAGE, lb/day After the lime dose has been determined in terms of mg/L, it is a fairly simple matter to calculate the lime dose in lb/day, which is one of the most common calculations in water and wastewater treatment. To convert from mg/L to lb/day lime dose, we use the following equation: Lime, lbday (lime, mgL)(flow, MGD)(8.34 lb gal) (10.57)
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Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
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Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
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Contents Preface ..................
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Contents ix Velocity Head .........
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Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
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Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
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Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
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Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
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To the Reader In reading this text,
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1 Introduction When color photograp
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Introduction 3 On second look, we s
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Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
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Introduction 7 This scream of lost
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Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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12 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
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Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
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Water Hydraulics 77 Slope (S) The s
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Water Hydraulics 79 and important c
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Water Hydraulics 81 and the depth o
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Water Hydraulics 83 TYPES OF DIFFER
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Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
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Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
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Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
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Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
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Water Hydraulics 95 Water and Waste
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100 The Science of Water: Concepts
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6 Water Ecology The subject of man
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Water Ecology 157 The environment i
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Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
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Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
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Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
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Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
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Water Ecology 167 2. Likewise, biom
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Water Ecology 169 Population densit
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Water Ecology 171 succession can be
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Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
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Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
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Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
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Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
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Water Ecology 181 It is important t
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Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
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Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
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Water Ecology 195 They push their m
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Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
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Water Ecology 199 Darwin, C., 1998.
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