Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Environmental Biomonitoring, Sampling, and Testing 227 • • • • • • • • • • • • Most professional biological monitoring programs employ sieve buckets as a holding container for composited samples. These buckets have a mesh bottom that allows water to drain out while the organisms and debris remain. This material can then be easily transferred to the alcohol-filled jars. However, sieve buckets can be expensive. Many volunteer programs employ alternative equipment, such as the two regular buckets described in this section. Regardless of the equipment, the process for compositing and transferring the sample is basically the same. The decision is one of cost and convenience. FIGURE 8.3 Sieve bucket. Fine-point forceps Heavy-duty rubber gloves Plastic sugar scoop or ice-cream scoop Kink net (rocky-bottom stream) or dip net (muddy-bottom stream) Buckets (two; see Figure 8.3) String or twine (50 yards); tape measure Stakes (four) Orange (a stick, an apple, or a fi sh fl oat may also be used in place of an orange) to measure velocity Reference maps indicating general information pertinent to the sampling area, including the surrounding roadways, as well as a hand-drawn station map Station ID tags Spray water bottle Pencils (at least two) MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLING: ROCKY-BOTTOM STREAMS Rocky-bottom streams are defi ned as those with bottoms made up of gravel, cobbles, and boulders in any combination. They usually have defi nite riffl e areas. As mentioned, riffl e areas are fairly well oxygenated and, therefore, are prime habitats for benthic macroinvertebrates. In these streams, we use the rocky-bottom sampling method described below. Rocky-Bottom Sampling Method The following method of macroinvertebrate sampling is used in streams that have riffl es and gravel/ cobble substrates. Three samples are to be collected at each site, and a composite sample is obtained (i.e., one large total sample). Step 1—A site should have already been located on a map, with its latitude and longitude indicated. 1. Samples will be taken in three different spots within a 100-yard stream site. These spots may be three separate riffl es; one large riffl e with different current velocities, or, if no riffl es are present, three run areas with gravel or cobble substrate. Combinations are also possible (if, for example, your site has only one small riffl e and several run areas). Mark off the 100-yard stream site. If possible, it should begin at least 50 yards upstream of any human-made modifi cation of the channel, such as a bridge, dam, or
228 The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications pipeline crossing. Avoid walking in the stream, because this might dislodge macroinvertebrates and later sampling results. 2. Sketch the 100-yard sampling area. Indicate the location of the three sampling spots on the sketch. Mark the most downstream site as Site 1, the middle site as Site 2, and the upstream site as Site 3. Step 2—Get into place. 1. Always approach sampling locations from the downstream end and sample the site farthest downstream fi rst (Site 1). This prevents biasing of the second and third collections with dislodged sediment of macroinvertebrates. Always use a clean kick-seine, relatively free of mud and debris from previous uses. Fill a bucket about one third full with stream water, and fi ll your spray bottle. 2. Select a 3 × 3 ft riffl e area for sampling at Site 1. One member of the team, the net holder, should position the net at the downstream end of this sampling area. Hold the net handles at a 45° angle to the water’s surface. Be sure that the bottom of the net fi ts tightly against the streambed so that no macroinvertebrates escape under the net. You may use rocks from the sampling area to anchor the net against the stream bottom. Do not allow any water to fl ow over the net. Step 3—Dislodge the macroinvertebrates. 1. Pick up any large rocks in the 3 × 3 ft sampling area and rub them thoroughly over the partially fi lled bucket so that any macroinvertebrates clinging to the rocks will be dislodged into the bucket. Then place each cleaned rock outside of the sampling area. After the sampling is completed, rocks can be returned to the stretch of stream they came from. 2. The member of the team designated as the “kicker” should thoroughly stir up the sampling areas with his feet, starting at the upstream edge of the 3 × 3 ft sampling area and working downstream, moving toward the net. All dislodged organisms will be carried by the stream fl ow into the net. Be sure to disturb the fi rst few inches of stream sediment to dislodge burrowing organisms. As a guide, disturb the sampling area for about 3 min, or until the area is thoroughly worked over. 3. Any large rocks used to anchor the net should be thoroughly rubbed into the bucket as above. Step 4—Remove the net. 1. Next, remove the net without allowing any of the organisms it contains to wash away. While the net holder grabs the top of the net handles, the kicker grabs the bottom of the net handles and the net’s bottom edge. Remove the net from the stream with a forward scooping motion. 2. Roll the kick net into a cylinder shape and place it vertically in the partially fi lled bucket. Pour or spray water down the net to fl ush its contents into the bucket. If necessary, pick debris and organisms from the net by hand. Release back into the stream any fi sh, amphibians, or reptiles caught in the net. Step 5—Collect the second and third samples. 1. Once all the organisms have been removed from the net, repeat the steps above at Sites 2 and 3. Put the samples from all three sites into the same bucket. Combining the debris and organisms from all three sites into the same bucket is called compositing.
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Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
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Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
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Contents Preface ..................
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Contents ix Velocity Head .........
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Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
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Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
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Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
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Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
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To the Reader In reading this text,
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1 Introduction When color photograp
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Introduction 3 On second look, we s
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Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
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Introduction 7 This scream of lost
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Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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12 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
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Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
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Water Hydraulics 77 Slope (S) The s
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Water Hydraulics 79 and important c
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Water Hydraulics 81 and the depth o
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Water Hydraulics 83 TYPES OF DIFFER
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Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
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Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
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Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
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Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
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Water Hydraulics 95 Water and Waste
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6 Water Ecology The subject of man
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Water Ecology 157 The environment i
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Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
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Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
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Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
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Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
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Water Ecology 167 2. Likewise, biom
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Water Ecology 169 Population densit
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Water Ecology 171 succession can be
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Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
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Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
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Page 222 and 223: Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
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10 Water Treatment Calculations Gup
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Water Treatment Calculations 363 St
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