Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Environmental Biomonitoring, Sampling, and Testing 245 TABLE 8.4 Fecal Coliform Bacteria per 100 mL of Water Desirable Permissible Type of Water Use 0 0 Potable and well water (for drinking)
246 The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications STATE WATER QUALITY STANDARDS PROGRAMS Each state has a program to set standards for the protection of each body of water within its boundaries. Standards for each body of water are developed that: 1. Depend on the water’s designated use 2. Are based on the USEPA’s national water quality criteria and other scientifi c research into the effects of specifi c pollutants on different types of aquatic life and on human health 3. May include limits based on the biological diversity of the body of water (the presence of food and prey species) State water quality standards set limits on pollutants and establish water quality levels that must be maintained for each type of water body, based on its designated use. Resources for this type of information include: 1. USEPA Water Quality Criteria Program 2. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Habitat Suitability Index Models (for specifi c species of local interest) Monitoring test results can be plotted against these standards to provide a focused, relevant, and required assessment of water quality. DESIGNING A WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM The fi rst step in designing a water quality monitoring program is to determine the purpose for the monitoring. This aids in selection of parameters to monitor. This decision should be based on factors, which include: 1. Types of water quality problems and pollution sources that will likely be encountered (see Table 8.5) 2. Cost of available monitoring equipment TABLE 8.5 Water Quality Problems and Pollution Sources Source Common Associated Chemical Pollutants Cropland Turbidity, phosphorus, nitrates, temperature, and total solids Forestry harvest Turbidity, temperature, total solids Grazing land Fecal bacteria, turbidity, phosphorus Industrial discharge Temperature, conductivity, total solids, toxics, pH Mining pH, alkalinity, total dissolved solids Septic systems Fecal bacteria (i.e., Escherichia coli, Enterococcus), nitrates, DO/BOD, conductivity, temperature Sewage Treatment DO and BOD, turbidity, conductivity, phosphorus, nitrates, fecal bacteria, temperature, total solids, pH Construction Turbidity, temperature, DO and BDO, total solids, toxics Urban runoff Turbidity, phosphorus, nitrates, temperature, conductivity, DO and BOD Source: From Spellman, F.R., Spellman’s Standard Handbook for Wastewater Operators, Vol. 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1999.
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Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
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Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
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Contents Preface ..................
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Contents ix Velocity Head .........
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Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
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Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
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Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
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Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
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To the Reader In reading this text,
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1 Introduction When color photograp
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Introduction 3 On second look, we s
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Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
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Introduction 7 This scream of lost
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Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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12 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
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Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
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Water Hydraulics 77 Slope (S) The s
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Water Hydraulics 79 and important c
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Water Hydraulics 81 and the depth o
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Water Hydraulics 83 TYPES OF DIFFER
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Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
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Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
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Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
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Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
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Water Hydraulics 95 Water and Waste
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100 The Science of Water: Concepts
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6 Water Ecology The subject of man
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Water Ecology 157 The environment i
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Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
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Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
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Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
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Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
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Water Ecology 167 2. Likewise, biom
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Water Ecology 169 Population densit
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Water Ecology 171 succession can be
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Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
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Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
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Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
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Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
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Water Ecology 181 It is important t
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Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
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Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
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10 Water Treatment Calculations Gup
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Water Treatment Calculations 383 g
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