Science of Water : Concepts and Applications

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Environmental Biomonitoring, Sampling, and Testing 249 Fill bottle to shoulder FIGURE 8.12 Sampling bottle. Filling to shoulder assures collecting enough sample. Do not overfi ll. 7. If samples are to be analyzed in a lab, place the sample in the cooler with ice or cold packs. Take all samples to the lab. Screw-Cap Bottles To collect water samples using screw-cap bottles, use the following procedures (see Figure 8.12). 1. Label the bottle with the site number, date, and time. 2. Remove the cap from the bottle just before sampling. Avoid touching the inside of the bottle or the cap. If you accidentally touch the inside of the bottle, use another one. 3. Wading—Try to disturb as little bottom sediment as possible. In any case, be careful not to collect water that has sediment from bottom disturbance. Stand facing upstream. Collect the water sample on your upstream side, in front of you. You may also tape your bottle to an extension pole to sample from deeper water. Boat—Carefully reach over the side and collect the water sample on the upstream side of the boat. 4. Hold the bottle near its base and plunge it (opening downward) below the water surface. If you are using an extension pole, remove the cap, turn the bottle upside down, and plunge it into the water, facing upstream. Collect a water sample 8–12 in. beneath the surface, or midway between the surface and the bottom if the stream reach is shallow. 5. Turn your bottle underwater into the current and away from you. In slow-moving stream reaches, push the bottle underneath the surface and away from you in the upstream direction. 6. Leave a 1-in. air space (except for DO and BOD samples). Do not fi ll the bottle completely (so that the sample can be shaken just before analysis). Recap the bottle carefully, remembering not to touch the inside. 7. Fill in the bottle number or site number on the appropriate fi eld data sheet. This is important because it tells the lab specialist which bottle goes with which site. 8. If the samples are to be analyzed in the lab, place them in the cooler for transport to the lab.
250 The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications TABLE 8.6 Recommended Sample Storage and Preservation Techniques Test Factor SAMPLE PRESERVATION AND STORAGE Samples can change very rapidly. However, no single preservation method will serve for all samples and constituents. If analysis must be delayed, follow the instructions for sample preservation and storage listed in Standard Methods, or those specifi ed by the laboratory that will eventually process the samples (see Table 8.6). In general, handle the sample in a way that prevents changes from biological activity, physical alterations, or chemical reactions. Cool the sample to reduce biological and chemical reactions. Store in darkness to suspend photosynthesis. Fill the sample container completely to prevent the loss of dissolved gases. Metal cations such as iron and lead and suspended particles may adsorb onto container surfaces during storage. STANDARDIZATION OF METHODS Container Type Recommended/Regulatory Preservation Max. Storage Time Alkalinity P, G Refrigerate 24 h/14 days BOD P, G Refrigerate 6 h/48 h Conductivity P, G Refrigerate 28 days/28 days Hardness P, G Lower pH to
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Second Edition THE SCIENCE OF WATER
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Cover Image: Falling Spring at Fall
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Contents Preface ..................
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Contents ix Velocity Head .........
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Contents xi Specifi c Conductance .
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Contents xiii (5) Beetles (Order: C
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Contents xv Chlorine Residual Testi
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Contents xvii Water Filtration Calc
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To the Reader In reading this text,
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1 Introduction When color photograp
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Introduction 3 On second look, we s
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Introduction 5 As mentioned earlier
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Introduction 7 This scream of lost
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Introduction 9 Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
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12 The Science of Water: Concepts a
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3 Water Hydraulics Anyone who has t
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Water Hydraulics 47 Another relatio
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Water Hydraulics 49 • • 1 ft 3
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Water Hydraulics 51 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 53 FIGURE 3.4 Thru
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Water Hydraulics 55 Example 3.8 Pro
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Water Hydraulics 57 FIGURE 3.6 Lami
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Water Hydraulics 59 With regard to
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Water Hydraulics 61 or hydraulic gr
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Water Hydraulics 63 E 1 smaller fl
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Water Hydraulics 65 √ Note: In de
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Water Hydraulics 67 • Cone of dep
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Water Hydraulics 69 • • • •
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Water Hydraulics 71 The Darcy-Weisb
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Water Hydraulics 73 Of course, pipe
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Water Hydraulics 75 In this section
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Water Hydraulics 77 Slope (S) The s
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Water Hydraulics 79 and important c
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Water Hydraulics 81 and the depth o
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Water Hydraulics 83 TYPES OF DIFFER
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Water Hydraulics 85 √ Important P
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Water Hydraulics 87 Meter backpress
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Water Hydraulics 89 VELOCITY FLOWME
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Water Hydraulics 91 The positive-di
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Water Hydraulics 93 Solution: 1200g
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Water Hydraulics 95 Water and Waste
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100 The Science of Water: Concepts
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6 Water Ecology The subject of man
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Water Ecology 157 The environment i
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Water Ecology 159 FIGURE 6.2 Notone
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Water Ecology 161 H 2 O O 2 FIGURE
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Water Ecology 163 FeS FIGURE 6.6 Th
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Water Ecology 165 Algae FIGURE 6.8
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Water Ecology 167 2. Likewise, biom
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Water Ecology 169 Population densit
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Water Ecology 171 succession can be
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Water Ecology 173 dark winter month
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Water Ecology 175 In rain events wh
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Water Ecology 177 long profi le, cr
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Water Ecology 179 THE FLOODPLAIN A
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Water Ecology 181 It is important t
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Water Ecology 183 Specifi c Adaptat
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Water Ecology 185 serve to indicate
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Water Ecology 187 UNITS OF ORGANIZA
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Water Ecology 189 FIGURE 6.20 Stone
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Water Ecology 191 FIGURE 6.22 Midge
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Water Ecology 193 FIGURE 6.25 Riffl
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Water Ecology 195 They push their m
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Water Ecology 197 FIGURE 6.32 Damse
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10 Water Treatment Calculations Gup
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Water Treatment Calculations 327 We
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Water Treatment Calculations 329 Th
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