Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 that Manra (Sydney) had already been know by whaling vessels that frequented the Phoenix Islands in the early years of the 19 th century. In 1823, the French explorer Tromelin also found Manra (Sydney) (Sharp 1960). Manra (Sydney) was discovered in 1840 by the U.S. Exploring Expedition (Baarslag 1940). When the U.S.S. Vincennes of the U.S. Exploring Expedition discovered Orona (Hull), there was a sick Frenchman and 11 Tahitians on the island (Bryan 1941 and 1942; Dickson 1939; Douglas and Douglas 1994). They provided directions to Manra (Sydney) some 97 km (60 miles) to the south (Sharp 1960; east according to Bryan 1941 and 1942; Wilkes 1845a). The Vincennes did not visit Manra (Sydney) due to poor weather (Bryan 1941 and 1942; Wilkes 1845a). MCKEAN In 1794, McKean was discovered by Captain Barber of the Arthur (Douglas and Douglas 1994; Maude 1968; Throsell and Specht 1989). Captain Barber named the island Drummond’s Island. Sharp (1960) reported that the island was named Arthur Island and the location was 1 3/4 0 west of the actual position of McKean. The location of McKean (Dummond’s Island) was on Arrowsmith’s 1798 chart as Arthur Island after Captain Barber’s ship (Maude 1968). In 1828, the position of an unnamed island with location matching McKean was tabulated by J.N. Reynolds (Bryan 1941 and 1942). In 1830, McKean was visited by the whaler Japan (Maude 1968). In 1832, it was visited by Captain Worth. In 1834, it was visited by an unknown whaling captain who called it Wigram’s Island. McKean was probably visited by several whalers prior to 1840 (Bryan 1941 and 1942). McKean was discovered by Lieutenant Wilkes, of the U.S. Exploring Expedition in 1840 (Hydrographic Office 1940; Tudor 1968; Pompey 1972c). The Vincennes and Peacock, part of Wilkes’ fleet, discovered and described McKean (Wilkes 1845a; Te Rangi Hiroa 1953). The name McKean was after a prominent officer in the U.S. Navy (Te Rangi Hiroa 1953). The island was named for the person who first sighted it (Wilkes 1845a; see also Cooley 1940; Douglas and Douglas 1994; Nicholas 1946). The only crew whose name resembles McKean was M’Keen, the ship’s cook (Bryan 1941 and 1942). The surf was too heavy to permit a landing (Wilkes 1845a). According to Findlay (1851), the Wilkes 1838-1842 expedition was responsible for providing the first reliable fixing of the positions of McKean. In 1859, C.A. Williams on the E.L. Frost discovered Rawaki (Phoenix), McKean, and Enderbury (Anon. 1860h). Williams tried to take credit for the discovery according to Pompey (1972c). 27
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 NIKUMARORO (GARDNER) Between 1800 and 1825, Nikumaroro (Gardner) was sighted by whalers (Laxton 1951). In 1820, Captain Joseph Allen of the American whaler, Maro, discovered Nikumaroro (Garder) (Pompey 1974 and 1972d). Captain Allen called the island Gardner, and the reef Maro. Anon. (1821a, b, and c) noted the discovery of Gardner Island. However, the location given was not within the Phoenix Islands, but closer to the northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Nikumaroro (Gardner) was probably known to whaling ships of the early 19 th century (Garnett 1983a). In 1824, Captain Kemins located Nikumaroro (Douglas and Douglas 1994; Maude 1968). Captain Kemins named the island Kemin Islands (Maude 1968). Nikumaroro (Gardner) was also known as Kimins (Pompey 1974 and 1972d). Nikumaroro (Gardner) was discovered by Captain Joshua Coffin, of the American ship Ganges, in about 1825 (Hydrographic Office 1940; see also Day 1966; 1828 according to Bryan 1941 and 1942; Tudor 1968; between 1821 and 1827 according to Nicholas 1946; in 1825 according to Sharp 1960; in 1828 according to Pompey 1974 and 1972d; 1821 or 1828 according to Garnett 1982a). It was named Gardner after Gideon Garner, the owner of the Ganges (Hydrographic Office 1940; see also Laxton 1951). According to Day (1966), Nikumaroro (Gardner) was named by Joshua Gardner of the whaler Ganges (see also Sharp 1960). Anon. (1828) reported on islands discovered by Captain John Gardner of the ship, Atlantic. In the notes to this article by Ward (1967a), Gardner Island was mentioned. However, the location of Gardner Island was in close proximity to Bougainville, not the Phoenix Islands. In 1840, the Vincennes and Peacock saw Nikumaroro (Gardner) (Te Rangi Hiroa 1953). The crew of the U.S.S. Vincennes landed on Nikumaroro (Gardner) (Wilkes 1845a; Bryan 1941). Commander Wilkes of the U.S. Exploring Expedition thought that Nikumaroro (Gardner) had been discovered by Captain Gardner, so retained his name of the island (Wilkes 1845a; Bryan 1941 and 1942). According to Baarslag (1940) Nikumaroro (Gardiner) was discovered in 1840 by the U.S. Exploring Expedition. According to Findlay (1851), the Wilkes 1838-1842 expedition was responsible for providing the first reliable fixing of the positions Nikumaroro (Gardner). ORONA (HULL) Orona (Hull) was sighted prior to 1828, as one of the locations for Manra (Sydney) in Reynolds’ report was the exact location of Orona (Hull) (Maude 1968). 28
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