Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 3. Terrestrial Resources Draft 1 March 2007 Van Zwaluwenburg (1941) noted that coconut trees might not be considered native as all coconut trees that were present were planted. The most conspicuous vegetation included Cordia (kou), Tournefortia (tree heliotrope), and Scaevola bushes. Van Zwaluwenburg (1941) reported that soil was imported from Hawaii and caused the introduction of weeds such as Emilia sonchifollia, three species of Euphorbia, Leucaena glauca, nutgrass and amaranth. A few grasses including Bermuda grass have also been introduced with imported soils. Daniel (1943) noted that Abariringa (Canton) was covered with stunted vegetation. In the southern end a few coconut palms grew. Williams (1945) noted that the large noctuid moth, Achaea janata, was reared from Cordia subcordata on Abariringa (Canton) by Langford and Van Zwalunwenburg. Between 1946 and 1950, the Civil Aviation Authority brought in several hundred coconut spouts for planting on Abariringa (Canton) (Wright 1951). In 1950 to 1951, there was a program to introduce plants to Abariringa (Canton) (McIntire 1960). Many of the introduced plants did not survive. However, some did, and now grow in many places on the island (particularly on the western part). According to Degener and Gillaspy (1955), between 1950 and 1951 Otto Degener introduced 129 species of plants to Abariringa (Canton) (see also Fosberg and Stoddart 1994; Fosberg et al n.d.). Of the 129 species, only 14 persisted until 1973 and only two, Coccolaba uvifera and Conocarpus erecta, were able to spread out (Fosberg and Stoddart 1994; see also Fosberg et al n.d.). Plant surveys were conducted in 1949 and 1950 (Luomala 1951). Dr. Luomala, University of Hawaii, completed field studies and wrote a report on the plants of Abariringa (Canton) (according to Anon. 1952; see Luomala 1951). Fifty eight species of flowering plants and one seaweed were included in Luomala’s report. Luomala (1951) reported 18 species of plants that were native to Arbariringa (Canton) according to Knudsen (1965). These included the following species: 1) Digitaria pacifica, 2) Eragrostis whitneyi, 3) Lepturus repens, 4) Cocos nucifera, 5) Boerhaavia diffusa, 6) Sesuvium portulacastrum, 7) Portulaca lutea, 8) Cassytha filiformis, 9) Tribulus cistoides, 10) Suriana maritima, 11) Triumfetta procumbens, 12) Sida fallax, 13) Ipomoea pes-caprae, 14) Ipomoca grandiflora (I. tuba), 15) Cordia subcordata, 16) Tournefortia argentea, 17) Morinda citrifolia, and 18) Scaevola frustescens. Halstead (1950) noted that there was a small grove of coconut trees on the south side of Abariringa (Canton) that were struggling to survive. In 1950 and 1951, floral and vegetative surveys were conducted on Abariringa (Canton) (Hatheway 1955). Native flora consisted of 14 species of vascular plants. In addition, about 150 plant species had been introduced. Native vascular flora was primarily confined to parts of Abariringa (Canton) that have not been subject to grading or other anthropogenic influences (Hatheway 1955). 20
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 3. Terrestrial Resources Draft 1 March 2007 Luomala (1951) identified the following plants on Abariringa (Canton): 1) Pandanus sp. 2) Cenchrus echinatus 3) Chloris inflata 4) Cynodon dactylon 5) Digitaria pacifica 6) Eleusine indica 7) Eragrostis whitneyi 8) Lepturus repens 9) Setaria verticillata 10) Cyperus rotundus 11) Fimbristylis cymosa var. microcephala 12) Cocos nucifera 13) Anthurium sp. 14) Philodendron sp. 15) Liliaceae Unidentified sp. 16) Musa sp. 17) Crinum asiaticum 18) Casuarina equisetifolia 19) Casuarina glauca 20) Coccoloba uvifera 21) Amarantus sp. 22) Boerhavia diffusa 23) Sesuvium portulacastrum 24) Portulaca oleracea 25) Portulaca lutea 26) Cassytha filiformis 27) Leucaena glauca 28) Tribulus cistoides 29) Suriana maritima 30) Euphorbia heterophylla 31) Euphorbia hypericifolia 32) Euphorbia prostrata 33) Euphorbia hirta 34) Triumfetta procumbens 35) Hibiscus tiliaceum 36) Sida fallax 37) Thespesia populnea 38) Calophyllum inophyllum 39) Tamarix aphylla 40) Carica papaya 41) Terminalia melanocarpa 42) Terminalia littoralis 43) Terminalia catappa 44) Terminalia samoensis 45) Polyscias guilfoylei 46) Plumeria rubra 47) Nerium oleander 48) Calotropis gigantea 49) Ipomoea tuba 50) Ipomoea pes-caprae 51) Cordia sebestena 52) Cordia subcordata 53) Messerschmidia argentea 54) Guettarda speciosa 55) Morinda citrifolia 56) Citrullus vulgaris 57) Cucumis sativus 58) Scaevola frutescens 59) Pluchea odorata 60) Emilia sonchifolia Degener and Fosberg (1952) studied specimens of Sesuvium portulacastrum from Christmas and Abariringa (Canton), and Enderbury, and concluded that they deserved at least varietal status. Sesuvium portulacastrum var. griseum was proposed. Maude (1953) reported that sporatic attempts to grow coconut trees have all failed on Enderbury and Abariringa (Canton) due to the lack of rainfall. Only about one in one hundred coconut trees reached maturity. Fosberg (1953) observed that Abariringa (Canton) had growth of Sida fallax up to 2 m during wet periods. In 1949, it had the appearance of a desert. Severe dry periods can result in high concentrations of guano that have severely damaged or killed trees on Abariringa (Canton). Fosberg (1953) noted that on highly saline flats on Abariringa (Canton) the vegetation was scattered mats of Sesuvium portulacastrum. 21
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Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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