Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 3. Terrestrial Resources Draft 1 March 2007 Although it did not survive the initial introduction, pandanus was re-introducted to Manra (Sydney) in 1950 (Knudsen 1965 and 1977). This second introduction was successful (Knudsen 1977). The remainder of the island was covered in bush and shrubs that are 4.6 to 9.1 m (15 to 30 ft) high (see also Hydrographer of the Navy 1969). The forest was composed of Tournefortia, Pisonia, Morinda, Cordia, Guettarda, and Scaevola. Portulaca, an edible plant grew wild on the Manra (Sydney). It became a main dietary item of early settlers (Knudsen 1977). Heavy rains after drought periods raised the level of the lake at the center of Manra (Sydney) and killed many of the new coconut trees that had been planted with the salt water (Knudsen 1977). According to Luke (1962), one of the reasons for having to resettle inhabitants of Manra (Sydney) was because the soil on Manra (Sydney) was too salty for coconut trees. In 1973, there was a dead zone of vegetation immediately boarding the lagoon (Garnett 1983). This zone was between 20 to 300 m wide. All plants within the zone were dead. In 1975, some small plants were observed indicating a recovery. Garnett (1983) speculated that flooding of the hypersaline lagoon caused the dead zone. Garnett (1983) reported that the coconut trees planted in the 1880s still dominated the western end of the island. Garnett (1983) noted the following species of plants on Manra (Sydney): 1) Pandanus tectorius 2) Cenchrus echinatus, 3) Eragrostis tenella, 4) Eragrostis whitneyi, 5) Lepturus pilgerianus, 6) Lepturus repens, 7) Cyperus javanicus, 8) Fimbristylis cymosa, 9) Cocos nucifera, 10) Crinum asiaticum 11) Boerhavia albiflora, 12) Pisonia grandis, 13) Sesuvium portulacastrum, 14) Portulaca lutea, 15) Portulaca oleracea, 16) Tribulus cistoides, 17) Euphorbia cyanthophora, 18) Euphorbia glomerifera, 19) Euphorbia hirata, 20) Euphorbia prostrate, 21) Triumfetta procumbens, 22) Sida fallax, 23) Cucurbita pepo, 24) Ipomoea macrantha, 25) Cordia subcordata, 26) Messerschmidia argentea, 27) Clerodendrum inerme, 28) Guettarda speciosa, 29) Morinda citrifolia, 30) Scaevola taccada, 31) Vernonia cinerea. Fosberg and Stoddart (1994) provided a detail discussion of each species recorded for the Phoenix Islands. A summary of plant species reported and discussed in Fosberg and Stoddart (1994) is provided in Table III-3.3 above. In 1995, there were coconut trees on Manra, some were healthy, others were not (Government of Kiribati 1995). At Temauri on the west side of Manra, coconut trees were senile, crowded and appeared unhealthy. 34
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 3. Terrestrial Resources Draft 1 March 2007 In 1995, two varieties of pandanus trees were observed, te iritawatawa and antinakarewe. Banana trees were also observed. These had been planted by workers from Temarui and Tebaiti. Neilson (2002) noted the number of plant species present on Abariringa (Kanton), Birnie, Manra, Nikumaroro, Orona, and Rawaki, and the plant habitats present for each island (see Table III-3.4 above). MCKEAN Bryan (1934) reported that McKean had no trees (see also Hydrographic Office 1940; Bryan 1941 and 1942; Ellis 1937), but has some bushes on it. There was very little vegetation except around the shallow lagoon where patches of bunch grass grow (Hydrographic Office 1940). Bryan (1941 and 1942) reported low herbs such as Portulaca, Sesuvium and Lepturus bunchgrass. Maude (1937) reported that the vegetation on McKean was similar to that found on Rawaki (Phoenix) and Birnie. Six species of plants were observed [but not identified in Maude 1937]. In 1939, the decision was made to plant coconut trees on McKean to support the other settlements in the Phoenix Islands (Garnett 1983). It was planned that 3,000 coconut trees were to be planted. The outbreak of World War II prevented the scheme from going forward. Baker (1968) reported that the fungi, Penicillium rotundum Rapper & Fennell, was found in the coastal sand of McKean. Garnett (1983) reported that there were no trees on McKean. The following plant species were reported on McKean. 1) Digitaria pacifica 2) Lepturus pilgerianus 3) Boerhavia albiflora 4) Sesuvium portulacastrum 5) Portulaca lutea 6) Tribulus cistoides 7) Sida falla Fosberg and Stoddart (1994) provided a detail discussion of each species recorded for the Phoenix Islands. A summary of plant species reported and discussed in Fosberg and Stoddart (1994) is provided in Table III-3.3 above. Timeon (2001) noted that the healthy growing shrubs and grasses indicated that larger vegetation such as coconut trees may well thrive on McKean. Bukaeireiti and Rabaua (2002) reported Pisonia grandis, Sida fallax, pigweed, pig vine, puncture vines, and seaside purslane on McKean. Pierce et al (2006) conducted plant surveys on Birnie, Enderbury, McKean, Nikumaroro, and Orona. Summary results are provided in Table III-3.5 above. NIKUMARORO (GARDNER) 35
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The Phoenix Islands Protected Area
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Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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