Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 The Pacific Islands Company was purchased by Lever’s Pacific Plantations, Ltd. (Garnett 1983a). In 1914, the Pacific Plantations Ltd. sold out to the Samoa Shipping and Trading Co., Ltd. In 1914, Rawaki (Phoenix) was leased to Burns Philp (South Sea) Co. for 87 years (Bryan 1941 and 1942; in 1926 according to Garnett 1983a). Another account indicated that it was leased to Captain Allen of the Samoan Shipping and Trading Co. for 87 years (Bryan 1941 and 1942; see also Bryan 1934 and Allen 1918). In 1924, there was almost no trace of the houses, shed, flagpole and tramway that had been abandoned by the Phoenix Guano Company in August 1871 (Bryan 1934). In 1924, there was no one living on Rawaki (Phoenix) (Bryan 1941 and 1942). In 1925, Captain Allen of the Samoa Shipping and Trading Co. died (Degener and Gillaspy 1955). In 1926, liquidators of the Samoa Shipping and Trading Co. (Captain Allen) sold the lease for Abariringa (Canton), Manra (Sydney), Orona (Hull), Nikumaroro (Gardner), Rawaki (Phoenix), and Birnie (Birney) to the Burns Philp Co., Ltd. (Anon 1940e). The original 99 year lease had 75 years remaining. In 1926, Rawaki (Phoenix) was bought by Burns Philp (South Seas) Co., Ltd. (Garnett 1983a). In 1931, no one lived on Rawaki (Phoenix) (Bryan 1951; Freeman 1951). Between 1902 and 1938, Rawaki (Phoenix) was not visited (Garnett 1982a). Garnett (1982a) noted that Lever’s Pacific Plantation, Ltd., Samoan Shipping and Trading Co., Ltd., and Burns Philps (South Seas) Co., Ltd. apparently did no development on Rawaki (Phoenix). In 1937, Rawaki (Phoenix) was placed under the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony (Bryan 1941 and 1942). In 1937, the H.M.C.S. Nimanoa visited Rawaki (Phoenix) and conducted a survey of the island in preparation for resettlement (Bevington 1990). Details of that trip were provided in Maude (1937). Maude (1937) considered Rawaki (Phoenix) not suitable for settlement due to the small size and absence of potable water. In 1938, Rawaki (Phoenix) was declared a bird sanctuary under the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony Wild Birds Protection Ordinance (Garnett 1983a). In 1939, the decision was made to plant 3,500 coconut trees on Rawaki (Phoenix) (Garnett 1983a). Planting was stopped with the outbreak of World War II. E. WORLD WAR II (1940 TO 1945) In the last months of 1940, severe gales hit the Phoenix Islands (Knudson 1965; see also Gallagher 1941). All islands had damage to housing, coconut trees, and new plantings. Gallagher (1941) noted that the northwesterly gales were almost continuous for the forth quarter of 1940. 63
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 By 1940, 729 volunteer colonists had been settled in the Phoenix Islands (Maude 1953b). Between July and September 1940, an additional 76 settlers and 454 tonnes (500 tons) of supplies were transported to the Phoenix Islands (Gallagher 1940). In 1940, infant mortality in the Phoenix Islands reached 50 percent (Gallagher 1940). This was attributed to incorrect care of infants by their mothers. An education program was initiated in the form of women’s committees. Since its inception, no infant has been lost on Manra (Sydney). In 1941, resettlement of the Phoenix Islands ceased due to the war (Maude 1953a). Attempts to charter a vessel were not successful (Gallagher 1941). Gallagher (1941) noted that despite air connections from Abariringa (Canton) to the rest of the work, there was no communication available between the Phoenix Islands. Robson (1942) reported that nearly 2,000 people had been resettled to the Phoenix Islands from the overcrowded Gilbert Islands. During World War II, the Phoenix Islands became strategically important (Borden 1961). If Japan had extended its conquests to the Ellice and Phoenix Islands, this would have cut off U.S. convoys and air links to New Zealand and Australia. Grattan (1963a) reported that there were coast watchers on the Phoenix group during World War II. The Phoenix Islands were not occupied by Japan (Knudson 1965). The Native Government Ordinance of 1941 introduced a revised constitution (Colonial Office 1951). Due to World War II and the need to translate this constitution into the local vernacular, it was not operative until 1948. Native governments on three of the Phoenix Islands were functioning under this revised constitution. Daniel (1943) noted that all eight of the Phoenix Islands were British-controlled, despite the 1939 United States and Great Britain agreement placing Abariringa (Canton) and Enderbury under joint administration for 50 years (see also Bordon 1961; Bryan 1941, 1942, and 1974; Clune 1951; Freeman 1951). Cooper (1944a) noted that the Americans solved the British transport problem in the Phoenix Islands. The British District Officer could now routinely visit recently settled Phoenix Islands by military PBY seaplanes. This would normally require several days of ship travel. In addition, the U.S. military dropped 1.8 tonnes (2 tons) of foodstuff on an island, thus averting near famine of the 70 inhabitants. Luke (1945b) suggested that after phosphate had been removed from Ocean Island (Banaba), inhabitants might be persuaded to relocated to the Phoenix Islands or elsewhere. ABARIRINGA (CANTON, KANTON) In 1940, there were 2 Europeans and 2 natives on Abariringa (Canton) (Gallagher 1940). In March 1940, six U.S. Navy patrol bombers made the 2,679 km (1,665 mile) flight from Honolulu to Abariringa (Canton) (Leff 1940; Navy Catalinas according to Wright 1951). This was the first equator crossing by American warplanes. 64
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Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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