Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 In 1899, Manra (Sydney) was leased to the Pacific Islands Co. (Hydrographic Office 1916; took over Arundel’s business in 1897 according to Garnett 1983a). In 1905, the island was used by Lever Brothers (Bryan 1941 and 1942; 1902 according to Garnett 1983a). They planted coconuts (MacGregor n.d.; had a coconut plantation there according to Robson 1956; planted first coconuts according to Bigelow 1939). Lever blasted a landing passage through the reef and ereted a 15,000 gallon rainwater tank (Garnett 1983a). In 1907, there were 13 inhabitants of Manra (Sydney) (Bryan 1934; Hydrographic Office 1916). In 1916, Manra (Sydney) was leased to the Samoa Shipping and Trading Co. (Bryan 1934; see also Allen 1918; in 1914 according to Hilder 1959; Garnett 1983a) for 87 years (Bryan 1941 and 1942; Hilder 1959). A coconut plantation was reported for Manra (Sydney) (Allen 1918). Annual production was about 45 tonnes (50 tons) of copra (Garnett 1983a). In 1924, there was a coconut plantation manager and eleven Samoan and Ellice Island native workers (Bryan 1934). In 1925, Captain Allen of the Samoa Shipping and Trading Co. passed away (Bryan 1941 and 1942). Samoa Shipping and Trading Co. went out of business in 1925 (Hilder 1959). In 1926, liquidators of the Samoa Shipping and Trading Co. (Captain Allen) sold the lease for Abariringa (Canton), Manra (Sydney), Orona (Hull), Nikumaroro (Gardner), Rawaki (Phoenix), and Birnie (Birney) to the Burns Philp Co., Ltd. (Anon 1940e). The original 99 year lease had 75 years remaining. The lease was taken over by Burns Philp Co. (for £2,000 according to Hilder 1959). In 1931, there were 16 people living on Manra (Sydney) (Bryan 1951; Freeman 1951). In the mid-1930s, there were about 50 workers on the Phoenix Islands (Knudson 1977). Most were working the copra plantations on Manra (Sydney) and Orona (Hull). In 1932, Burns Philp Co. abandoned Manra (Sydney) due to the low price of copra (Garnett 1983a). In 1937, there were 11 coconut plantation workers on Manra (Sydney) (Knudson 1965; Maude 1952 and 1968). Garnett (1983a) noted that between the 1880s to 1937, Manra (Sydney) was managed as a coconut plantation. Ellis (1937) speculated that Orona (Hull), Manra (Sydney) and Nikumaroro (Gardner) might be useful to relieve overpopulation in the Gilbert Islands. In 1937, the H.M.S. Leith visited and reasserted British claim over the island (Bryan 1941). Also in 1937, the Burns Philp Co. lease was bought out and the island became part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony. In 1937, the H.M.C.S. Nimanoa visited Manra (Sydney) with H.E. Maude (Bigelow 1939). Maude (1937) reported that there were excellent roads and remains of the old tramways throughout Manra (Sydney). These were said to have been constructed by Lever Bros. which 55
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 worked the island for copra. Maude (1937) reported erecting a flagpole and notice board on the old beacon on Manra (Sydney). Orona (Hull) and Manra (Sydney) were to be settled first as there were existing coconut plantations on them (Knudson 1965). Abariringa (Canton) and Nikumaroro (Gardner) could follow after Orona (Hull) and Manra (Sydney) had been planted in coconut trees and coconuts became available for settlers (Knudson 1965). In 1937, Sydney was re-christened Manra (Bryan 1951; see also Freeman 1951; Maude 1937). Manra was the one of the Gilbertese ancestral homelands in Indonesia (Maude 1952 and 1968). Manra was known to have possessed a lake similar to Sydney’s lagoon. In 1937, 700 Gilbertese were moved from the Southern Gilbert Islands to Orona (Hull), Manra (Sydney), and Nikumaroro (Gardner) (Chapman 1961). In 1938, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony purchased Manra (Sydney) from Burns Philip (Garnett 1983a). On Christmas day 1938, the first party of 41 settlers aboard the Nimanoa arrived at Manra (Syndey) (Knudson 1965 and 1977; colony established in the fall of 1938 according to Bigelow 1939; colony established in 1933 according to Bryan 1941 and 1942). This trip was lead by District Officer, G. Gallagher (Anon. 1939d). According to Knudson (1965) this group became the nucleus of the new community. All Manra (Sydney) settlers were Protestants (Knudson 1965). For a detailed account of the relocation voyages and initial resettlement activities, see Maude (1952 and 1968). In 1938, a settlement of 130 natives from the Gilbert and Ellice Islands was established on the southwest point of the island (Hydrographic Office 1940; western side according to Hydrographer fo the Navy 1969). Copra was the sole export. A model village with 117,347 lt (31,000 gallon) cement cistern, and 15 wells was constructed (Bryan 1941 and 1942). The 7,500 coconut palms were distributed to the 260 Gilbertese settlers (Bryan 1951; see also Freeman 1951). The relocation scheme was very popular to the point where two men and a woman traveled across from the Gilbert Islands to Manra (Sydney) against the wind and current in a small canoe (Bryan 1941 and 1942). In 1939, there was a drought during which most of the wells became brackish (Bryan 1941 and 1942). The cistern was almost empty when the rains finally returned. In 1939, the U.S.S. Bushnell erected two range marks to indicate the channel leading up to the landing at the village (Hydrographic Office 1940). Bryan (1941) reported that there was a beacon on the west side that marked the best anchorage on Manra (Sydney). MCKEAN McKean was a British protectorate that was leased to the Pacific Islands Co. (Hydrographic Office 1916; in the 1890’s according to Tudor 1968; no lease was ever granted according to Garnett 1983a). 56
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