Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 3. Terrestrial Resources Draft 1 March 2007 Friederichs (1935) reported that E.H. Bryan, Jr. found several embiids on the Phoenix Islands that were closely related to Oligotoma insularis. Friederichs (1935) noted that O. insularis appeared identical to O. latreillei. Bryan (1939) reported that insects were few in number of species, but abundant in individuals on the Phoenix Islands. They included roaches, silverfish, leafhoppers, plant bug small bettles, small moths, ants, and flies. No mosquitoes were noted, but ground spiders were abundant. The specific islands that these occurred on were not provided. Extensive searches for the tick, Ixodes amersoni, were completed on other Phoenix Islands (besides Enderbury and Rawaki), but the tick was not found (Amerson 1968). Amerson (1968) noted that the tick may occur in such small numbers that it has been overlooked. Anderson (2002) noted that no pre-historic faunal extinctions have been recorded yet for the Phoenix Islands. ABARIRINGA (CANTON, KANTON) Bryan (1934) reported that there were no butterflies, dragonflies, grasshoppers or mosquitoes. Maude (1937) reported no mosquitos on Abariringa (Canton). From 1936 to December 7, 1941, an entomologist employed by the Hawaiian Sugar Planter’s Association was stationed at Abariringa (Canton) to inspect, spray, and intercept all insects going to Hawaii on planes (Permberton 1953; see also Van Zwaluwenburg 1941). According to Van Zwaluwenburg (1943), the plant quarantine station was started in April 1940 (Van Zwaluwenburg 1943; see also Anon. 1940a; Anon. 1940d, Bryan 1941, 1942, and 1974). All flights from Abariringa (Canton) to Hawaii were inspected for live and dead insects. (Pemberton 1944). Each flight (to or from Hawaii) was sprayed with pyrethrum extract shortly before landing and prior to departure. Insects collected were sent to the entomologist at the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station for identification. Abariringa (Canton) became an insect filter for Hawaii (see also Murphy et al 1954). Sea planes to Abariringa (Canton) originated in New Zealand and New Caledonia (Anon. 1940d). As part of the 1938 Line Islands Expedition, Donaggho (1952 and 1953) visited Abariringa (Canton) and observed greenish-black bird flies. Gardner (1938) reported no flies or mosquitoes on Abariringa (Canton). Pemberton (1944) provided a summary of mosquito species collected on inbound and outbound Hawaii flights, but this is not broken down by island of transit. A total of 1,839 live insects were removed from the 301 planes that transited Abariringa (Canton) (Permberton 1953). During World War II, the insect quarantine was marginalized due to the war effort. Browne (1940) collected the following insects on Abariringa (Canton): 1) Harmonia areuata (Coleoptera) 2) Cutilia soror (Orthoptera) 4) Olfersia spinigera (Diptera) 5) Aphis gossypii (Homoptera) 42
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 3. Terrestrial Resources Draft 1 March 2007 3) Musca domestica (Diptera) 6) Mealybug (Homoptera). According to Van Zwaluwenburg (1941), insect species that were undesirable in Hawaii that were present on Abariringa (Canton) included: the noctuid moth, Prodenia litura, an unidentified cicadellid leafhopper, the arctiid moth, Utetheisa pulchelloides, and the nocturid caterpillar, Achaea janata. Van Zwaluwenburg (1941) noted that there were no insect parasites on Abariringa (Canton). In addition, there were no mosquitoes, no fleas. Van Zwaluwenburg (1941) reported three flea infested dogs that were brought to Abariringa (Canton), but none had any fleas when examined. There were no harbor fleas on rats. Van Zwaluwenburg (1942) noted that the butterfly, Hypolimnas bolina, was observed on Abariringa (Canton) from time to time in 1940, but never more than one at a time. By 1941, it was established in one area of the island, just south of the main channel. Van Zwaluwenburg (1942) reported that the monarch butterfly, Danaida archippus, had arrived at least once in the last 1.5 years, but had not yet become established on Abariringa (Canton). The globe skimmer dragonfly, Pantala flavescens, was not on Abariringa (Canton) in 1940, but was abundant in 1941 (Van Zwaluwenburg 1942). The reddish dragonfly, Diplocodes bipunctata, was also not present in 1940, but present in 1941. Follett (1943) also noted that there were mosquitos on Abariringa (Canton). Kelsey (1943) identified a new species of termite based on specimens from Abariringa (Canton). The termite was found in a driftwood log on the beach by J.A. Buddle. The new species was named Calotermes curvithorax n. sp. Oman (1943) described a new species of leafhopper, Homoptera Cicadellidae, Nesaloha cantonis from Abariringa (Canton). The holotype was collected on Boerhaavia diffusa foliage in 1940. Zimmerman (1948) reported that this species had a wide distribution in the Pacific. According to Zimmerman (1948) it was originally described as Thamnotettix argentata. Van Zwaluwenburg (1943) identified three groups of insects on Abariringa (Canton): permanently established, termporarily established, and recent immigrants. Eighty one insect species were identified on Abariringa (Canton), see Table III-3.9 below. Table III-3.9. List of insect species found on Abariringa (Canton) (source: Van Zwaluwenburg 1943). Order Family Species Thysanura Lepismidae Undetermined species Collembola Entomobryidae Undetermined species Orthoptera Blattidae Cutilia soror Orthoptera Blattidae Periplaneta americana Orthoptera Blattidae Pycnoscelus surinamensis 43
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The Phoenix Islands Protected Area
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Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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