Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 3. Terrestrial Resources Draft 1 March 2007 Diptera Lonchaeidae Lamprolonchaea aurea Diptera Otilidae Pseudeuxestra prima Diptera Otilidae Scholastes bimaculatus Diptera Tethinidae Tethina insularius Diptera Ephydridae Hecamede persimilis Diptera Ephydridae Paralimna lineata Diptera Ephydridae Scatella sp. Diptera Agromyzidae Ophiomyia scaevolae Diptera Milichiidae Desmometopa m-nigrum Diptera Milichiidae Milichiella lacteipennis Diptera Chloropidae Cadrema pallida Diptera Chloropidae Siphunculina signata Diptera Muscidae Atherigona excisa trilineata Diptera Muscidae Musca domestica Diptera Calliphoridae Phaenicia sericata Diptera Sarcophagidae Sarcophaga dux Hymenoptera Evaniidae Evania appendigaster Hymenoptera Eulophidae Pnigalio sp. Hymenoptera Scelionidae Telenomus nawai Hymenoptera Formicidae Tetramorium guineense Hymenoptera Formicidae Tetramorium simillimum Hymenoptera Formicidae Tapinoma melanocephalum Hymenoptera Formicidae Camponotus variegatus hawaiiensis Hymenoptera Formicidae Paratrechina longicornis Hymenoptera Formicidae Paratrechina bourbonica hawaiiensis Hymenoptera Sphecidae Sceliphron caementarium Hymenoptera Vespidae Pachodynerus nasidens Hymenoptera Megachilidae Undetermined species Degener and Gillespy (1955) noted that the establishment of harmful insects on Abaririrnga (Canton) made it a dangerous stepping stone for the introduction of these insects to other regions. There were few native species of insects. However, some were being unknowingly introduced with plant introductions. Linnavuori (1956) reported the presence of the Cicadellidae, Nesophrosyne argentatus, from Abariringa (Canton), Orona (Hull), and Manra (Sydney). Kulzer (1957) noted that the Tenebrionidae Coleoptera, Gonocephalum adpressiforme was found on Abariringa (Canton). Van Zwaluwenburg (1957) reported that the distribution of, Propsephus tongaensis (Coleoptera, Elateridae), included the Phoenix Islands. McIntire (1960) noted that the moth, Achaea janata, fed on Cordia subcordata trees on Abariringa (Canton). In some cases the entire tree has been defloliated. It was speculated that the moth limited the spread of these trees. McIntire (1960) noted the presence of the grasshopper, Aiolopus tamulus, and the cockroach, Pycnoscelus surinamensis. Several harmful insects have also been introduced. These included the scale insect that weakens coconut palms. The crater scale, which killed all introduced Plumeria rubra trees. 48
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 3. Terrestrial Resources Draft 1 March 2007 McIntire (1960) noted that there were no mosquitoes on Abariringa (Canton). But there was a parasitic hippoboscid louse fly on some birds. If there was standing water, damselflies became numerous. Gressitt and Yamamoto (1963) reported that there were four ways that insects get to oceanic islands: (1) air currents; (2) rafts or logs; (3) feet or feathers of birds; and (4) man. Voluntary flight may be the mechanism for two species of dragonflies to become established on Abariringa (Canton). In addition, it may also be the mechanism used by the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina to become re-established there. Shiroma (1965) confirmed the absence of mosquitoes on Abariringa (Canton). Shiroma (1965) noted that 40 species of insects had been collected on Abariringa (Canton). No species list was provided. Beardsley (1965) reported that the notorious Rutherglen bug of Australia, Nysius vinitor Bergroth, had become established on Abariringa (Canton). Shiroma (1966) reported in 1965 there was an insect survey of Abariringa (Canton). During that survey 42 species of insects were collected. Eleven new insect were recorded. They included: 1) Icerya purchasi (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), 2) Pseudococcus vastator (Homoptera: Pesudococcidae); 3) Orius persequens (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae); 4) Chrysodeixis chalcites (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae); 5) Perigea dolorosa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae); 6) Drosophila busckii (Diptera: Drosophilidae); 7) Notogramma cimiciforme (Diptera: Otitidae); 8) Hostis guamensis (Diptera: Ephydridae); 9) Placopsidella cynecephala (Diptera: Ephydridae); 10) Chrysoma megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae); and 11) Chrysopa ramburi (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae); Amerson (1968) lists the bird hosts for the tick, Ornithoros capensis and the O. capensis group in Abariringa (Canton) (see Table III-3.11). Table III-3.11. Distibution and hosts of Ornithoros capensis Neumann (*) and Ornithodoros capensis group (+) in the Phoenix Islands (source: Amerson 1968) 49
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The Phoenix Islands Protected Area
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Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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