Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 3. Terrestrial Resources Draft 1 March 2007 Gardner (1938) provided an account of hermit crabs during the 1937 solar eclipse expedition. Hermit crabs were attracted to soap and food stuff. In addition, they took shelter on the shade side of tents. Van Zwaluwenburg (1943) identified 15 related invertebrate species (other than insects) on Abariringa (Canton). These are listed in Table III-3.13 below. Van Zwalunwenburg (1955) up-dated his 1943 list of arthropods (other than insects) that occurred on Abariringa (Canton). These are also included in Table III-3.13 below. Latrodectus mactans was added to the list and Filistata bakeris was deleted from it. Table III-3.13. List of 15 invertebrate species (other than insects) found on Abariringa (Canton). (source: Van Zwaluwenburg (1943 and 1955). Class Order 1943 Species 1955 species Crustacea Isopoda Metaponorthrus pruinosus X Crustacea Isopoda Undetermined species X Crustacea Amphipoda Undetermined species X Arachnida Scorpionoidea Isometrus maculatus X Arachnida Aranaeida Undetermined species X Arachnida Aranaeida Scytodes sp. X Arachnida Aranaeida Gamasomorpha minima X Arachnida Aranaeida Undetermined species X Arachnida Aranaeida Latrodectus mactans Arachnida Aranaeida Neoscona sp. X Arachnida Aranaeida Filistata bakeris Arachnida Acarina Laelaps sp. X Arachnida Acarina Listrophorides sp. X Arachnida Acarina Undetermined species X Arachnida Ixoidea Ornithodoros sp. X Myriapoda Chilopoda Mescistocepahlus prob. maxillaris X Chamberlin (1953) reported that chilopod (centipede), Honuaphilus alohanus, had been reported from various Pacific islands including Abariringa (Canton). Success of the proposed plant introductions to Abariringa (Canton) would be dependent on the swarms of hermit crabs (Anon 1955). McIntire (1960) noted that on Abariringa (Canton), crabs feed largely on the seedlings of plants. This made it difficult for many plants to reproduce. Murphy et al (1954) noted the enorous numbers of hermit crabs on Abariringa (Canton) and reported that they periodically destroy whole populations newly hatched chicks of greyheaded tern colonies. Degener and Gillaspy (1955) noted that hermit crabs on Abariringa (Canton) which lived away from the bird rookeries had a vegetarian diet (see also Wiens 1962). 56
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 3. Terrestrial Resources Draft 1 March 2007 Degener and Gillaspy (1955) noted that wolf spiders were abundant on Abariringa (Canton). The spider, Latrodectus geometricus, was common in abandoned shacks and bushes. McIntire (1960) noted that hermit crabs were attracted to Cordia and Messerschmidia tree groves on Abariringa (Canton) during the warmer parts of the day. It did not apprear that the hermit crabs damaged the trees. The most numerous crabs on Abariringa (Canton) were the small pale hermit crab, Coenobita perlatus (see also Degener and Gillaspy 1955). McIntire (1960) noted that there were a few native spiders on Abariringa (Canton). The wolf spider, which did not weave a web, was everywhere. The spiker, Latrodectus geometricus, a relative of the black widow, was found in abandoned shacks and in bushes. No bites were known from Abariringa (Canton). The scorpion, Isometrus maculatus, in the Buthidae family was found on Abariringa (Canton) (Wiens 1962). The hermit crab, Coenobita perlata, and land crabs were the most conspicuous invertebrates on Abariringa (Canton) (Garnett 1983). On Abariringa (Canton), Cardisoma carnifex [the land crab] dispersed the fruit of Pandanus tectorius as much as 25 m. (Lee 1985). The distance was much less on Christmas Island, and could be related to the densities of land crabs there compared with Abariringa (Canton) (O'Dowd and Lake 1991). Government of Kiribati (1995) reported that hermit crabs (te makauro) were observed on Abariringa (Tunaari), specially at Terieta, Bikentabwakea, and Umari. Land crabs (te mania) were also observed, but were not as abundant as hermit crabs. Neilson (2002) reported that on the southeastern edge of Abariringa (Kanton), at a large colony of Sterna lunata (perhaps 1,000 birds), almost half of the eggs were either empty, damaged or being eaten by hermit crabs. Oates (2003) noted that hermit crabs, Coenobita perlatus, kept the beaches clear of dead fish and animals. However, this was not enough food, so hermit crabs often had to eat plants and seeds. This kept the vegetation low. Pierce et al (2006) examined the species diversity of various terrestrial crab species on Abariringa (Kanton), Birnie, Enderbury, McKean, Nikumaroro, Orona, and Rawaki (see Table III-3.14). Crabs species included the hermit crab, Coenobita spp., land crab, Cardisoma spp., and coconut crab, Birgus latra. Table III-3.14. Crab species recorded for the Phoenix Islands, April to May 2006 (P=present but not recorded in transect; U=unknow/incomplete survey). (source: Pierce et al 2006). 57
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The Phoenix Islands Protected Area
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Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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