Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

More documents

Recommendations

Info

PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 In 1991, two more shoes were found on Nikumaroro (King et al 2001). One matched a shoe that Amelia Earhart worn (see also Burns et al 1998), the other was a man’s shoe. 1992, Nikumaroro was uninhabited (Republic of Kiribati 1992). In 1993, all Phoenix Islands, including Nikumaroro, were uninhabited except Abariringa (Kanton) (Neemia and Thaman 1993). In 1995, the survey team for the Phoenix Islands made numerous recommendations for development of the Phoenix Islands, specifically Abariringa (Tunaari), Enderbury, Manra, and Nikumaroro (Government of Kiribati 1995). These included the re-settlement of Abariringa (Tunaari), Enderbury, Manra, and Nikumaroro. With a total land area of 414 hectares, 50 to 100 families could be settled on Nikumaroro (Government of Kiribati 1995). Overseas funding was suggested as a mechanism for funding these projects. In 1997, the Te Kakai scheme was proposed for Manra, Orona, Nikumaroro, and Abariringa (Tunaari) to utilize idle resources there (Tauati 1997). The basic plan included four activities: (1) copra production, (2) seaweed planting and harvesting, (3) sea cucumber collection and (4) shark fin production. The budget provided (AUD 95,048) was a 12 month budget for expenses, not including staff costs and medical supplies. The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery (TIGHAR) had generated anthropological data consistent with the theory that Amelia Earhart landed and died on Nikumaroro (Burns et al 1998). Four surveys and excavations had been completed by TIGHAR. There were a few wrecked fishing boats on McKean (King et al 2001). Nikumaroro was proposed as a substitute site for the Kakai Scheme (PIKS Project Manager 2002). ORONA (HULL) In 1992 Orona was uninhabited (Republic of Kiribati 1992). In 1993, all Phoenix Islands, including Orona, were uninhabited except Abariringa (Kanton) (Neemia and Thaman 1993). There was a radar station on Orona that was built by the U.S. (Douglas and Douglas 1994). In 1997, the Te Kakai scheme was proposed for Manra, Orona, Nikumaroro, and Abariringa (Tunaari) to utilize idle resources there (Tauati 1997). The basic plan included four activities: (1) copra production, (2) seaweed planting and harvesting, (3) sea cucumber collection and (4) shark fin production. The budget provided (AUD 95,048) was a 12 month budget for expenses, not including staff costs and medical supplies. In mid-2001, as preliminary work for development of the Kakai Scheme Project, marine surveys were conducted on Orona (Tioti et al 2001). The purpose of the marine survey was to develop a baseline of information so that impacts from new settlers could be measured. 91
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 In 2001, the Ministry of Home Affairs and Rural Development initiated the Phoenix Islands Kakai Scheme (PIKS Project Manager 2002). The main activities of the scheme included: (1) cutting copra, (2) shark fins, (3) sea cucumbers, (4) seaweed, and (5) replanting coconut trees and cleaning. The initial budget was AUD 397,750.36. Sixty workers were recruited and sent to Orona with a one year contract (Tehumu 2004). In 2001, 68 copra workers and their families were moved to Orona as part of the Kakai Scheme (Mangubhai 2002). In 2001, 200 villagers were settled on Orona (Obura and Stone 2003; see also Timeon 2001). One of their primary activities was to catch sharks for the sharkfin market. Copra production was limited due to breakdown of the tractor, rats, and limited coconuts (PIKS Project Manager 2002). Shark finning was initially successful with the use of longline. However, the boat and engine broken and could not be repaired. Sea cucumbers were not abundant. Only wae ura and tabanebane were found in harvestable amounts. In 2001, seaweed was transplanted in 2001 from Fanning, but this failed as the vessel stayed too long on Christmas Island (PIKS Project Manager 2002). A second attempt in 2002 from Fanning was successful. Coconut planting was planned for the second year of this project. In 2002, a survey was conducted and wae ura was found on the ocean side (PIKS Project Manager 2002). Servicing Abariringa (Katon) and Orona were a financial problem as the volume of cargo was too small to meet shipping costs (Timeon 2001). This was a major problem for the Phoenix Islands Kakai Scheme on Orona. Monthly trips were planned, but KSSL schedules resulted in only period visits. In June 2001, an emergency trip was made to Orona using the Fisheries Division’s Nei Tebenebene to deliver needed supplies to Orona (Timeon 2001). This was a fishing vessel, not a cargo vessel. It left Betio overloaded. Rough seas (5 m waves) and strong winds (15 knots) resulted in excessive fuel consumption forcing a trip to Abariringa (Kanton) to pick up additional fuel for the return trip. After a year of operations, difficulties developed as scheduled shipping hardly visited Orona (PIKS Project Manager 2002). Shipping companies wanted diversion or charter fees for deviating from their Tarawa to Christmas Island route. Scheduled stops were not enforced by the government. Charter and deviation fees were a major expense of this project. Major construction under the Kakai Scheme included: office plus toilets, maneaba, well, copra shed, house for support staff and workers (PIKS Project Manager 2002). In addition, a new road was also completed. In 2004, the Phoenix Islands Kakai Scheme (PIKS) was officially closed by a Cabinet resolution (Minute No.: 18/03) (Tehumu 2004). This was after substantial expenses were incurred. Workers’ contracts were extended until the date of departure from Orona. Repatriation costs were met by the Office of Te Beretitenti and the Ministry of Line and Phoenix Islands Development (MLPID). 92
Page 1 and 2:
The Phoenix Islands Protected Area
Page 3 and 4:
Table of Contents Chapter Title Pag
Page 5 and 6:
List of Acronyms Acronym full name
Page 7 and 8:
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANA
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11 and 12:
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124: PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANA
Page 173: PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANA
Page 205 and 206: 9 PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MA
Page 207 and 208: 11 PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA M
Page 209 and 210: 13 PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA M
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406:
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
Page 429 and 430:
Page 431 and 432:
Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448:
Page 449 and 450:
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
Page 463 and 464:
Page 465 and 466:
Page 467 and 468:
Page 469 and 470:
Page 471 and 472:
Page 473:
show all

Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?