Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 In April 1940, Pan American Airways and the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association began the Abariringa (Canton) plant quarantine station (Van Zwaluwenburg 1943). Planes north or southbound were inspected and sprayed to kill insects. Insects killed were collected. In July 1940, the first commercial Pam American Airway clipper landed at Abariringa (Canton) enroute to New Zealand (Leff 1940). Official commercial air service began on July 12, 1940 (Anon. 1940c). In October 1940, the American colonists on Abariringa (Canton) were withdrawn since there were Pan American Airways staff on island (Bryan 1974). In November 1940, the Department of Interior transferred administration of Abariringa (Canton) from the U.S. Government to Pan American Airways (Anon 1941a). The Pam American Airways station manager was appointed as the Department of Interior’s representative (Bryan 1974; McIntire 1960). With the outbreak of World War II, Pam American’s service was discontinued (McIntire 1960). The U.S. armed forces then occupied Abariringa (Canton). Musick Light stood atop a white cylindrical stone tower 8.5 m (28 ft) above sea level (Hydrographic Office 1940) on the southern side of the lagoon entrance (Hydrographer of the Navy 1969). There was also an aeronautical light atop a steel tower 15.5 m (51 ft) high that was located about 4.0 km (2.5 miles) southward of Musick Light (Hydrographic Office 1940). In 1940, the U.S. Congress placed Abariringa (Canton) and Enderbury under the U.S. District Court of Hawaii (Skaggs 1994; see also McIntire 1960; 1948 according to Office of Territories 1963). In 1940, the 4,000 ton freighter Admiral Day was wrecked on Abariringa (Canton) (Anon. 1940d; September 1940 according to Oates 2003). Several attempts were made to get the ship off the reef. After several days and several attempts, rescuers gave up. A Rabaul Naval Court found that the cause of the wreck was carelessness and negligent navigation (Anon. 1940d). However, in Sydney (Australia), it was reported that the decision was only preliminary and that the captain had answered the charges of carelessness and negligent navigation. The remaining wreck slipped into deep water (Oates 2003). Oil-soaked timber washed up on the reef for several weeks after. During World War II, Abariringa (Canton) became a hub of central Pacific air movement (Bryan 1974). Detailed accounts of development of Abariringa (Canton) into a military base were provided in Oates (2003). In addition to the seaplane landing area, a landing strip (Topham Field) was built on the northside of the island (Wright 1951). Topham Field was named after J.H. Topham of the 333 Fighter Sqaudron who was killed on Abariringa (Canton) on November 13, 1942 (Oates 2003). Topham Field had two runways were constructed on the northwest corner of the island (McIntire 1960). One was north-south and the other was east-west. These runways met near the outer edge of the corner. 65
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 A separate fighter plane landing strip was built on Abariringa (Canton) (Bryan 1974; see also Stack 1982; on the north rim of Abariringa (Canton) according to McIntire 1960). The fighter plane landing strip was 1.83 km (6,000 ft) (Garnett 1983a). Revetments were built to protect the fighter aircraft (McIntire 1960). A road was also built around the island (Bryan 1974). Concrete pillboxes and other fortifications were built around Abariringa (Canton) (Degener and Gillaspy 1955). These still dot the landscape. In March 1941, Navy PBYs visited Abariringa (Canton) and completed assessments of the island and Pan American Airways’ operations (Oates 2003). Later that month additional Navy PBY visits were completed. In November 1941, a Catalina PBY flying boat made a record non-stop flight from Abariringa (Canton) to Sydney, Australia, a distance of 5,310 km (3,300 miles) (Anon. 1941b). This and other PBYs were purchased by Australia to minimize raiders in the South Pacific. In 1942 (McIntire 1960), the President Taylor was wrecked on Abariringa (Canton) when she sought shelter in the lagoon after a warning that Japanese submarines were near (Clune 1951). According to Walker (1955), the Taylor was surprised by Japanese submarines and in the attempt to bring her to safe water, she was run aground (two Japanese submarines according to Degener and Degener 1959). The President Taylor was 159 m (522 ft) and weighed 9,525 gross tonnes (10,500 gross tons) (McIntire 1960). According to Johnson (1950), the President Taylor grounded while trying to avoid a reported Japanese submarine as her escort destroyer moved off to drop depth charge patterns. According to Degener and Gillaspy (1955), the President Taylor was caught in the channel current while trying to disembark troops as close to shore as possible due to enemy submarine danger. According to Murphy et al (1954), the officers of the President Taylor thought that they were being chased by a submarine. A detailed account of the incident was also provided in Oates (2003). During the war, there was a parade of visitors to Abariringa (Canton) including Noel Coward (playwright), Rod Laver (tennis star) and Bobby Riggs (tennis star) (Oates 2003). In 1942, Abariringa (Canton) was shelled three times by the Japanese (Knudson 1965; see also Wright 1951; Oates 2003). In probably late 1942, U.S. fighter aircraft began making regular reconnaissance flights from Abariringa (Canton) (Knudson 1965). They occasionally would drop tobacco, cloth, soap, candy, and chewing gum to villages on the various other Phoenix Islands. In late 1942, a Japanese submarine shelled the President Taylor (Degener and Gillaspy 1955; April 1942 according to Oates 2003). In late 1942, Captain Eddie Rickenbacker (the most decorated American aviator in World War I) was enroute to Abariringa (Canton) from Hawaii, when his B-17 aircraft went down (Oates 2003; see also Wright 1951). He was eventually rescued and his story made headlines in the U.S. (a detailed account of this flight was provided by Oates 2003). His story of the ordeal was published in Life Magazine, including his account of eating sea gulls (Wright 1951). There were no seagulls within 1,000 miles of Abariringa (Canton) (Wright 1951). 66
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Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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