Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 3. Terrestrial Resources Draft 1 March 2007 Maude (1937) reported that 8 wells were dug. Only 2 wells had water of fair quality, and 1 well had water fresher than many wells in the Gilbert Islands. These wells were dug at the end of the dry season. There were a few wells on the island, but they were brackish (Hydrographic Office 1940). In 1978, the abandoned cistern on Nikumaroro was examined (Gilbert Islands 1978). Water tests were positive for coliform at cistern 1. Cistern 2 required maintenance and had no water. Various test wells were dug and an old existing well was examined. All had water with salinity over 560 ppm. Specifications for existing cisterns and wells examined were provided in Gilbert Islands (1978). Garnett (1983) noted that there was no standing surface freshwater on Nikumaroro (Gardner). The several small ponds were all brackish. There was a freshwater lens which was best developed on the western side of the island. Government of Kiribati (1995) noted that the water lens was shallow in some areas and more than 2 m in other areas. Three wells were dug. The three new wells and one old well were tested. All had drinkable water. Neilson (2002) did not test the freshwater lens on Nikumaroro, but suggested that it was sizable based on the profuse vegetation that was enveloping the old colony buildings (see also Obura and Stone 2003). However, the possibility of this freshwater lens to support a human population during dry seasons was very small. ORONA (HULL) Maude (1937) reported that freshwater was on the west side of Orona (Hull) where the island is widest. Three wells there had drinkable water, but the water from these wells was not as good as water in the Gilbert or Ellice Islands. Two other wells had water only suitable for washing. Bryan (1939) reported that there was good freshwater available from shallow wells on the west side of Orona (Hull). There are several brackish water wells on the island (Hydrographic Office 1940). Garnett (1983) reported that there was no standing surface freshwater on Orona (Hull). There was a freshwater lens occurred on the western side where the land was thickest. The 1963 severe drought caused this lens to become very saline. In 1995, two wells were dug at Moantewa, one was dug at Teniko, and one at Teoti (Government of Kiribati 1995). Well depth was 0.3 to over 2 m. Well water was drinkable. Timeon (2001) reported that the water on Orona was quite good. Six wells were observed during the 2001 visit. 4
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 3. Terrestrial Resources Draft 1 March 2007 Neilson (2002) noted that the freshwater lens on Orona was more than 4 m below the surface (see also Obura and Stone 2003). The water was of high quality and showed no indications of salinization or contamination. It appeared sufficient to support the current population there. Di Piazza and Pearthree (2004) presented water quality data on various terrestrial water sources on Enderbury, Abariringa (Kanton), Rawaki (Phoenix), Manra, and Orona (see Table III-3.1). RAWAKI (PHOENIX) Bryan (1934) reported that there was no freshwater on Rawaki (Phoenix). Maude (1937) reported that six wells were dug on Rawaki (Phoenix). All were deeper than 12 feet. Water was only reached in two of the six wells. The water found was too salty for drinking (see also Garnett 1983). In 1937, no freshwater was found on Rawaki (Phoenix) (Maude 1952). Anon. (1940b) reported that there was a large freshwater lake at the center of Rawaki (Phoenix) (see also Baarslag 1940 and Clune 1951). Anon. (1953) noted that six wells were dug, but only salty water was obtained. Robson (1956) reported that there were freshwater pools in the center of Rawaki (Phoenix). Garnett (1983) noted that there was no standing or surface freshwater on Rawaki (Phoenix). There did not appear to be a freshwater lens on Rawaki (Phoenix). Di Piazza and Pearthree (2004) presented water quality data on various terrestrial water sources on Enderbury, Abariringa (Kanton), Rawaki (Phoenix), Manra, and Orona (see Table III-3.1). B. VEGETATION AND FUNGI A chronology of the few botanical investigations of the Phoenix Islands was provided in Fosberg et al (n.d.). This included details on where plant species collected were sent for further study. The severe drought in 1890 to 1894 killed the coconut trees in most of the Phoenix Islands, except those on Orona (Hull) and Manra (Sydney) (Knudsen 1965). Degener and Fosberg (1952) reported that specimens of Sesuvium portulacastrum from both Christmas and the Phoenix Islands deserved at least varietal status. Sesuvium portulacastrum var. griseum was proposed. 5
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The Phoenix Islands Protected Area
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Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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