Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 The minesweeper Swan left for the Phoenix Islands (Leff 1940; see also Wright 1951). Two days later, the search was given up in the Phoenix Islands. According to Beheim (2004), three planes from the Colorado began aerial searches of the Phoenix Islands. The four day search covered about 25,490 square miles. The H.M.S. Achilles was in the vicinity of the Phoenix Islands when Earhart was lost (Holbrook 1973). It had transmitted a message that they had received an unidentified signal. This prompted the search in the Phoenix Islands area. Apparently, the Achilles was conducting further surveys of the Phoenix Islands area to support the British claim to the islands. During the search for Earhart, it became evident that Howland and Baker Islands were inadequate for seaplanes (Holbrook 1973). The U.S. Navy then began looking for alternative islands for development of air fields. Their attentions focused on the Phoenix Islands. Between 1937 and 1938, the migration rate from Beru (Gilbert Islands) to the Phoenix Islands was 15 percent (Di Piazza and Pearthree 1999). The average migration rate from the other Gilbert Islands to the Phoenix Islands was about 3 percent. In 1938, the resettlement scheme was approved (Knudson 1965; see also Maude 1968). In addition to the overcrowding in the Gilbert Islands, there were political reasons for settling the Phoenix Islands (Bevington 1990). American claims to part of the Phoenix Islands and the doctrine of sovereignty based on occupation developed. The migration program was known as the Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme (PISS) (King et al 2001). This trap was not noticed until a hurried letter from Suva was sent to the officer commanding the resettlement program using only the program’s acronym (Robson 1941). In 1938, the British were compelled to relocate about 2,000 Gilbertese to the Phoenix Islands to relieve population pressures (Freeman 1951; 700 according to Keith-Redi 1996; see also Maude 1968). Gilbertese from the southern islands were the target audience (Knudson 1965). Persons selected for this scheme possessed the least land, the poorest land, or came from a large family relative to the quantity and quality of land holdings (Knudson 1965). However, there appeared to be at least some circumvention of these criteria. Settlers were told that there was no possibility of return to the Gilbert Islands (see also Maude 1952 and 1968). Settlers to the Phoenix Islands would take over the copra plantations on the Phoenix Islands previously leased by Burns Philip (Anon. 1939a). For a detailed account of the relocation voyages and initial resettlement activities, see Maude (1952 and 1968). Post offices were set up on each island resettled (Maude 1952 and 1968). Since the cancellation stamps had not arrived, letters were hand cancelled. In 1939, the U.S.S. Bushnell completed a surveying expedition to the Phoenix and Samoan Islands (Schultz 1939). This included surveys and collections of terrestrial and marine species. A general account of the actual expedition is provided in Schultz (1939). ABARIRINGA (CANTON, KANTON) 45
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 Abariringa (Canton) was on a straight line between Australia and Hawaii (Oates 2003). However, cable companies did not like the “more than mile deep” waters around Abariringa (Canton). In 1889, Abariringa (Canton) was visited by the H.M.S. Egeria that was on a cruise to map the islands of the central Pacific (Murphy et al 1954). J.J. Lister, a naturalist, was on board. He completed the first bird surveys of Abariringa (Canton). In 1897, the Pacific Islands Company took over Arundel’s business (Garnett 1983a). In 1899, Abariringa (Canton) was leased to the Pacific Islands Co. (Bryan 1941, 1942, and 1974). The Pacific Islands Co. was to grow copra and to fish for pearl shells (Wright 1951). There was no development of the island under the Pacific Islands Co. (Bryan 1941, 1942, and 1974). In 1902, control of Abariringa (Canton) changed to Lever’s Pacific Plantation, Ltd. (Garnett 1983a). In 1907, there were no inhabitants on Abariringa (Canton) (Hydrographic Office 1916). In 1914, control of Abariringa (Canton) changed to the Samoa Shipping and trading Co., Ltd. (Garnett 1983a). In 1915, Captain Allen of the Samoa Shipping and Trading Co., Ltd., erected a beacon and planted hundreds of coconut trees on Abariringa (Canton) (Anon. 1940c). In 1916, Abariringa (Canton) was leased to the Samoa Shipping and Trading Co. (Bryan 1934, 1941, 1942 and 1974; see also Allen 1918; Schuyler 1940; for the copra industry according to Hobbs 1945 and Wright 1951). However, it was never developed (Hobbs 1945). In 1919, when Captain Allen returned to Abariringa (Canton), all but 5 or 6 coconut trees had died (Anon. 1940c; 10 trees according to Bryan 1941, 1942, and 1974). Only one tree survived until 1950 (Degener and Gillapsy 1955). The island was often called one tree island as the one coconut tree was visible by ships at sea. Abariringa (Canton) had a boat passage into the lagoon (Foreign Office 1920). In 1925, Captain Allen of the Samoa Shipping and Trading Co. died (Degener and Gillaspy 1955). In 1926, liquidators of the Samoa Shipping and Trading Co. (Captain Allen) sold the lease for Abariringa (Canton), Manra (Sydney), Orona (Hull), Nikumaroro (Gardner), Rawaki (Phoenix), and Birnie (Birney) to the Burns Philp Co., Ltd. (Anon 1940e). The original 99 year lease had 75 years remaining. In 1926, control of Abariringa (Canton) changed to the Burns Philp (South Seas) Co., Ltd. (Garnett 1983a). In 1928, Abariringa (Canton) was selected as the emergency landing place for the Kingsford Smith Hawaii to Fiji flight (Tudor 1968; Oates 2003). Small coral atolls originally had little importance, but they may acquire importance because of unique resources, geographical position, or marine resources on their foreshore (Grattan 1961). This was the case with Abariringa (Canton), after years of unimportance, it became of great importance as a refueling stop for trans-Pacific aircraft in the 1930s. It was only the possibility of 46
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Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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