Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 High sea swells occurred several times in the past (Environmental Data Services 1966). In January 1958, swells were 4.6 to 6.1 m (15 to 20 ft) high lasted for several days and damaged the seawall protecting the runway. In Abariringa (Canton) as well as other remote air field locations operated by Pan American Airways, there was a motto that was followed call Clipper glory (Oates 2003). Basically, even after working longer, harder, and smarter than expected, the worker would do the same tomorrow. There was no second or third shift to relieve workers. Also, there was no city or other services to support passengers or planes. Workers stayed on duty until the work was done. This motto extended beyond the airlines to the entire island community. Since 1958, Pan American and Qantas began using jets to on their flights from Hawaii to Australia and New Zealand (McIntire 1960). These flights by-passed Abariringa (Canton). Pan American Airways sold its Abariringa (Canton) installation to Qantas (Oates 2003, no date provided, but this appeared to have occurred in the late 1950’s). By 1958, most of the above water portions of the 1942 President Taylor wreck had been salvaged (Degener and Degener 1959; see also McIntire 1960). In 1959, the population was 330 (McIntire 1960). In that year, 595 planes landed on Abariringa (Canton) (McIntire 1960). Abariringa (Canton) support for trans-Pacific air flights was already losing its importance due to developing long-distant flights (Luke 1962). In September 1959, commercial air flights through Abariringa (Canton) stopped (Stack 1982). Long range jets by-passed Abariringa (Canton). After that, the airstrip on Abariringa (Canton) was maintained as an emergency landing field until the 1960s (Levy 1996). It was abandoned after that. In October 1959, Abariringa was selected by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as a station for the worldwide Mercury tracking network (Stack 1982). In 1960, in addition to the regular population, there were 75 members of the Mobile Construction Battalion Ten on Abariringa (Canton) (McIntire 1960; see also Oates 2003). They were involved in construction of the NASA facility there. Construction began in April 1960 and was completed by November 1, 1960. Abariringa (Canton) was designated Station 11 of 26 stations worldwide (Oates 2003). McIntire (1960) reported that vessels more than 128 m (420 ft) in length with drafts more than 7.0 m (23 ft) should not enter the Abariringa (Canton) lagoon entrance, except in an emergency. The lagoon turning basin was unsafe for vessels greater than 61 m (200 ft) (Degener and Gillapsy 1955). The wharf can be used by vessels of 4,536 gross tonnes (5,000 gross tons) can tie up (according to Degener and Gillapsy 1955). There was anchorage on the reef side south of the lagoon entrance for vessels that drew less than 7.3 m (24 ft). For larger ships, there was no good anchorage on the outer shelf. 75
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 Freshwater was supplied by six Cleaver-Brooks units (McIntire 1960). Each unit produced 757 lt (200 gallons) of freshwater per hour. Pratt (1961) presented an illustration of the hand stamp used to stamp mail originating from Abariringa (Canton). In 1961, there was an agreement between the Governments of the United Kingdom and the United States regarding the establishment and operation of a space vehicle tracking and communication station on Abariringa (Canton) (U.S. Department of State 1961; 1959 according to Stack 1982). This was in connection with the U.S. manned earth satellite program (Project Mercury according to Douglas and Douglas 1994). The missile tracking station was being constructed in the summer of 1960 by NASA (McIntire 1960). In 1962, there were about 400 people living on Abariringa (Canton) (Office of Territories 1963). The Chance Vought Company set up a monitoring station on Abariringa (Canton) to monitor the nuclear blast from Christmas Island (Oates 2003, probably in about 1962). The U.S. Federal Aviation Agency maintained facilities in Abariringa (Canton) (Office of Territories 1963). They maintained the airport, communication links, electrical power plant, water production, and sanitary facilities. A private oil company maintained the fuel facilities. The U.S. Weather Bureau provided meteorological services. The U.S. Department of Interior provided two school teachers who organized classes for kindergarten to 8 th grade. There were more than 30 students on Abariringa (Canton). A three-bed hospital was also maintained by the U.S. Department of Interior. A U.S. Coast Guard vessel visited Abariringa (Canton) annually to service navigational buoys (Office of Territories 1963). Shipping was irregular and much was done by charter vessel. Radiogram service was provided by a British station (Office of Territories 1963). In 1963, there were 101 people in Millers Camp and 104 at the District Station, for a total population of 205 on Abariringa (Canton) (McArthur and McCaig 1963) The satellite tracking station was established on Abariringa (Canton) in 1965 (Levy 1996). In June 1965, the FAA (formerly the CAA) ceased operations on Abariringa (Canton) (Oates 2003). The facilities on Abariringa (Canton) were turned over to NASA. NASA operated the air navigation aids on Abariringa (Canton) until November 1965 (Oates 2003). By 1966, the dredged channel north of Spam Island had shrunk from 76.2 m to 61.0 m wide (Hydrographer of the Navy 1969). On the western side of the turning basin (north of the channel, there is a wooden faced jetty 109.7 m long with a depth (in 1957) of 9.1 m (Hydrographer of the Navy 1969). In 1966, the island population was about 500 (Bryan 1974; see also King 1973). 76
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Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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