Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 Wilkes, C. 1845b. Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Philadelphia: Lea & Blenchard. Volume V. Williams, J. 1937. Hawaii is pivot of American-Pacific defence plan; explanation of enormous fortification expenditure in north east Pacific. Pacific Islands Monthly 8(4): 49-52. November 25, 1937. Williams, J. 1938. Please join us in a cold beer! Pacific Islands Monthly 8(9): 5. April 22, 1938. Winslow, P. 1853. Discoveries in the Pacific. The Daily Mercury, New Bedford. March 10, 1853 (see Ward 1967f, p. 506-509). Witherspoon, P.B. 1957. Canton Island. Pacific Discovery 10(6): 14-21. Wright, T. 1951. Canton coral capers. Trade Winds, CAA, Ninth Region, Honolulu, July 1951, pp. 15-23. Yeeting, B.M. 1988. Canton Atoll preliminary marine resource survey. Ministry of Natural Resources Development, Fisheries Division. Zwart, F.H.A.G., and K. Groenewegen. 1968. A report on the restuls of the census of the population 1968. Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony. South Pacific Commission. 113
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 3. Terrestrial Resources Draft 1 March 2007 3. TERRESTRIAL RESOURCES A. FRESHWATER CHAPTER III. BACKGROUND Foreign Office (1920) noted that few of the Phoenix Islands had any water supply. Brackish water pools were found. Neilson (2002) reported that there was no free standing bodies of freshwater on any of the Phoenix Islands (see also Obura and Stone 2003). All inland bodies of water were saline. ABARIRINGA (CANTON, KANTON) Bryan (1934) reported that there was no freshwater on Abariringa (Canton). Maude (1937) reported digging several wells around Abariringa (Canton). In addition, there were a few wells already present on Abariringa (Canton). All the wells dug by Maude’s 1937 party had good and average quality water and similar in quality that found in the Gilbert Islands. There is no freshwater on the island (Hydrographic Office 1940; see also Bunker 1951). There are a few old wells on the northeast rim near an old guano collection area. McIntire (1960) reported that rainfall on Abariringa (Canton) was insufficient to build up a good Ghyben-Herzberg lens (freshwater lens). Any lens that developed was not a dependable source of freshwater. Environmental Data Service (1966) reported that some rainwater can be collected, but most drinking water must be distilled from sea water. Guinther (1978) reported on the terrestrial surface and subsurface water on Abariringa (Canton). All sites surveyed were to some degree saline. Garnett (1983) reported that there was no standing freshwater on Abariringa (Canton) and ponds were saline. There was a freshwater lens, but periods of drought result in the water from the lens becoming almost undrinkable. Government of Kiribati (1995) reported that in Bikentabakea, the water table was shallow, only 30 cm deep. But at Teieta, Tebaronga and Umari villages, the depth of the well was more than 1 m. Well water at Uamari and Tebaronga was good. Well water at Bikentabakea had high salinity, but less that that at Terieta. Neilson (2002) reported that the freshwater lens on Abariringa (Kanton) was less than 2 m below the surface (see also Obura and Stone 2003). It was brackish and showed signs of contamination. 1
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Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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