Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN Chapter III. Background, 3. Terrestrial Resources Draft 1 March 2007 17) Boerhavia albiflora, 18) Boerhavia tetrandra, 19) Mirabilis jalapa, 20) Pisonia grandis, 21) Sesuvium portulacastrum, 22) Portulaca lutea, 23) Portulaca oleracea, 24) Tribulus cistoides, 25) Suriana maritima, 26) Euphorbia cyanthophora, 43) Messerschmidia argentea, 44) Clerodendrum inerme, 45) Lantana camara, 46) Physalis angulata, 47) Pseudoanthemum carrunthersii, 48) Guettarda speciosa, 49) Morinda citrifolia, 50) Scaevola taccada, 51) Tridax procumbens, 52) Vernonia cinerea. Endemic vegetation on Nikumaroro, Orona and Abariringa (Kanton) were the last remaining large stands found in the Phoenix Islands (SPREP 1992). Fosberg and Stoddart (1994) provided a detail discussion of each species recorded for the Phoenix Islands. A summary of plant species reported and discussed in Fosberg and Stoddart (1994) is provided in Table III-3.3 above. In 1995, there were healthy looking coconut trees on Orona (Government of Kiribati 1995). Pandanus trees, including the te iritawatawa and antinakarewe varieties were also present. Guettarda speciosa (te uri), and Morinda citrifolia (te noni) were also present. The survey team planted banana, and breadfruit (te bukiraro). Neilson (2002) reported that the eastern point of Orona was dominated by te non, Morinda citrifolia, te nii, and te kaina. Neilson (2002) noted the number of plant species present on Abariringa (Kanton), Birnie, Manra, Nikumaroro, Orona, and Rawaki, and the plant habitats present for each island (see Table III-3.4 above). Pierce et al (2006) reported that the invasive plant lantana, Lantana camara, had been recorded on Orona by Garnett (1983), but was not found in 2006. Pierce et al (2006) conducted plant surveys on Birnie, Enderbury, McKean, Nikumaroro, and Orona. Summary results are provided in Table III-3.5 above. RAWAKI (PHOENIX) Lister (1891) reported only four types of plants on Rawaki (Phoenix), the scrub, Sida fallax, a coarse grass, and two species of trailing plants. No species identification was provided for the grass and trailing plants. Hydrographic Office (1916) reported no trees on Rawaki (Phoenix). In 1924, there were no trees and the ground was covered with herbs (Bryan 1941 and 1942). There was no vegetation on the east side where broken coral had been thrown up by waves, and on the north end of the lagoon which was covered in sand. 40
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN Chapter III. Background, 3. Terrestrial Resources Draft 1 March 2007 Low vegetation (grass and herbs) seemed none the worse because of the rabbits (Bryan 1934). Ellis (1937) reported that Rawaki (Phoenix) was treeless. Maude (1937) observed te boi (purslane) near the lagoon, te wao, te kaura, kiao, and two species of grass (not identified). No trees, shrubs, or coconut trees were observed. In 1939, the decision was made to plant 3,500 coconut trees on Rawaki (Phoenix) (Garnett 1983). Planting was stopped with the outbreak of World War II. Anon. (1940b) reported that Rawaki (Phoenix) had extensive growths of coconuts. The bunchgrass Lepturus dominated the northwest point and west side (Bryan 1941 and 1942). Boerhaavia and Portulaca dominated the south and soutwest. Sesuvium bounded the west side of the lagoon. Sida (ilima) and Triumfetta (beach runner) were on the east side. Rawaki (Phoenix) was treeless (Hydrographic Office 1940; see also Hydrographer of the Navy 1969). In the middle of the island sand was sparsely covered with grass. Factors other than food presumably held the rabbit population down to a level where rabbits did not seriously affect the vegetation (Watson 1961). Garnett (1983) listed plant species for Rawaki (Phoenix), including: 1) Lepturus pilgerianus 2) Boerhavia 3) Sesuvium portulacastrum 4) Portulaca lutea 5) Triumfetta procumbens 6) Sida fallax Fosberg and Stoddart (1994) provided a detail discussion of each species recorded for the Phoenix Islands. A summary of plant species reported and discussed in Fosberg and Stoddart (1994) is provided in Table III-3.3 above. In 2001, the Ministry of Home Affairs and Rural Development initiated the Phoenix Island Kakai Scheme (PIKS Project Manager 2002). The main activities of the scheme included: (1) cutting copra, (2) shark fins, (3) sea cucumbers, (4) seaweed, and (5) replanting coconut trees and cleaning. Copra production was limited due to breakdown of the tractor, rats, and limited coconuts. Coconut planting was planned for the second year of this project. In 2002, pigweed, Boerhaavia, bunch grass and Sesuvium were observed on Rarawki (Phoenix) (Bukaeireiti and Rabaua 2002). Neilson (2002) reported that the preferred food of rabbits on Rawaki was Portulaca lutea. This was evident by the low percentage cover of P. lutea on Rawaki. Neilson (2002) noted the number of plant species present on Abariringa (Kanton), Birnie, Manra, Nikumaroro, Orona, and Rawaki, and the plant habitats present for each island (see Table III-3.4 above). C. INSECTS 41
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The Phoenix Islands Protected Area
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Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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