Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 3. Terrestrial Resources Draft 1 March 2007 Hilder (1959) noted that when Manra (Sydney) residents left for the Solomon Islands, they left their dogs behind. They had eaten all their pigs, and brought their cats with them to the Solomon Islands (see also Knudsen 1965). King (1973) reported that there were Polynesian and black rats on Manra (Sydney). Cats and dogs had also been left on Manra (Sydney) during the evacuation (King 1973). Most of the cats had been killed by Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program (POBSP) between 1964 and 1968. However, it was not certain if all the cats have been killed. One dog was observed in 1968. King (1973) recommended that dogs and cats (when present) be removed from Orona (Hull), Nikumaroro (Gardner), Manra (Sydney), and Enderbury. Garnett (1983) reported that the Polynesian rat, Rattus exulans, and the black rat, Rattus rattus, were on Manra (Sydney). Garnett (1983) also noted that feral cats, dogs, and pigs had been recorded on Manra (Sydney). However, the dog may have died out since only one was observed in 1968 by Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Programme staff. Garnett (1983) noted that feral pigs were formally abundant, but pigs have not been reported in recent years. In 1995, the Polynesian rat was found on Manra (Government of Kiribati (1995). However, no damage was reported to the coconut trees. In January 2000, cat tracks were observed on Manra (Kepler 2000). Di Piazza and Pearthree (2004) reported that there were large populations of rats, Rattus exulans, and R. rattus, as well as feral cats on Manra. MCKEAN Maude (1937) reported small brown rats on McKean. Garnett (1983) reported that the Polynesian rat, Rattus exulans, was the only mammal known from McKean. Throssell and Specht (1989) reported that McKean was inhabited by “fearless” rats. In about 2001, the Korean vessel F/V Chance 301 grounded on McKean (Pierce et al 2006). It was presumed that this vessel introduced the Asian rat to McKean. However, Pierce et al (2006) suspect that the introduction of the Asian rat to McKean occurred earlier than 2001. This was based on bird survey results (Bukaireiti and Rabaua 2002) that were similar to results in Pierce et al (2006). Pierce et al (2006) identified mammals observed on Birnie, Enderbury, McKean, Nikumaroro, Orona, and Rawaki and compared them with previously recorded species (see Table III-3.32 above). 108
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 3. Terrestrial Resources Draft 1 March 2007 Pierce et al (2006) estimated the populationof mammal species on Birnie, Enderbury, McKean, Nikumaroro, Orona, Rawaki (see Table III-3.33 above). Pierce et al (2006) reported that there were Asian rats on McKean. An external parasitic tick was found on a juvenile Asian rat. Pierce et al (2006) speculated that the introduction of Asian rats to McKean probably resulted in the extinction of the Pacific rat population there. Rat baiting trials were undertaken on both Enderbury and McKean using a non-toxic rat bait made by Aminal Control Products, Ltd., Wanganui, New Zealand (Pierce et al 2006). Results indicated that bait needs to be set in crab-proof stations. NIKUMARORO (GARDNER) In 1840, Commander Wilkes of the U.S. Exploring Expedition noted that a large rat was observed on Nikumaroro (Gardner) (Bryan 1941 and 1942). Bryan (1934) reported that Wilkes found rats on Nikumaroro (Gardner) in 1840. Maude (1937) reported rats on Nikumaroro (Gardner). The Polynesian rat was found on Nikumaroro (Gardner) (Hydrographic Office 1940; Bryan 1941 and 1942; King 1973). Luke (1945) reported that seven rabbits had been taken from Rawaki (Phoenix) to Nikumaroro (Gardner). All reach Nikumaroro (Gardner) safely and were released. In 1963, when settlers were evacuated from Nikumaroro (Gardner), they left behind their cats and dogs (King 1973). The Gilbertese colonists that had been relocated to the Solomon Islands had to leave their dogs behind (Anon. 1964). In May 1964, poison bait was laid out. On the return voyage, no live dogs were observed. King (1973) recommended that dogs and cats (when present) be removed from Orona (Hull), Nikumaroro (Gardner), Manra (Sydney), and Enderbury. Gilbert Islands (1978) reported that there were rats and cats on Nikumaroro in 1978. The rat, Rattus exulens, population was low probably due to the presence of cats. Warfarin rat blocks were placed on Ritiati covering 30 acres. Garnett (1983) reported the Polynesian rat, Rattus exulans, as well as feral cats and dogs on Nikumaroro (Gardner). Government of Kiribati (1995) reported Polynesian rats on Nikumaroro. However, no damaging effects to the coconuts were observed. In January 2000, no cats were observed on Nikumaroro, but due to the low bird populations, the presence of cats was suspected (Kepler 2000). King et al (2001) noted that large rats and a single dead cat were observed on Nikumaroro. 109
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Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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