Turks and Caicos Islands

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Figure 4.5.1: Vegetation of North and Middle Caicos Islands; location of the most extensive pine yards of TCI Source: (SWA Ltd., Blue Dolphin Research and Consulting Inc., EDSA, 2010) 70
Status of wetlands Over half of the land area of TCI consists of wetlands comprising tidal flats, salt marsh and mangrove communities. The wetlands are recognized as internationally important areas as they mostly remain in their natural condition. Wetland habitats can be saline, brackish or fresh and can be recharged tidally (estuarine), by rainfall and groundwater recharge (palustrine). A third wetland formation, lacustrine, represents permanent standing ponds fed by groundwater and karst formations. The North, Middle and East Caicos Nature Reserve (Ramsar site) is a wetland of international importance, containing a variety of habitat types representative of the region. Estuarine Estuarine habitats represent the vast majority of terrestrial (and wetland) formations within the Turks and Caicos Islands. Tidal mangrove forests are located throughout the Turks and Caicos Islands along shorelines and within estuaries subjected to daily tidal fluctuations. Caicos has a very large mangrove area, especially in the southern portion of North Caicos and in Middle and East Caicos, where they form a virtually continuous stand (FAO, 2007). Four mangrove species grow along the coastal areas of TCI: Rhizophora mangle (Red mangrove), Avicennia germinans (Black mangrove), Laguncularia racemosa (White mangrove) and Conocarpus erectus (Buttonwood mangrove). True mangrove forests comprise a relatively small percentage of the islands but nevertheless serve a vital function. Estuarine formations provide a wide variety of ecosystem services including critical habitats for a wide variety of shoreline birds that forage for insects, crustaceans and invertebrates trapped in the flooded low-lying vegetation. Other ecosystems such as coral reefs and seagrass beds benefit from the mangrove’s ability to filter sediments and pollution that would otherwise cloud the water and contribute to algal blooms. There is also an important link between these three habitats through chemical, biological exchanges and migratory activities. Mangroves also provide a myriad of benefits to humans by protecting the environment. Their roots contribute to soil stability by encouraging sedimentation and reducing erosion. These biomes are significant to the subsistence, commercial and sports fisheries as they provide nurseries and habitat for juvenile finfish. Mangrove forests act as a natural coastal defence against the high energy waves and strong winds that batter coastlines during extreme events. A comparison of two villages in Sri Lanka that were struck by the 2004 tsunami reveals the role of healthy mangrove forests in saving lives. In the village of Kapuhenwala, which is surrounded by 200 ha of mangrove forest, only two people died as a result of the tsunami as compared to the death toll of 6,000 in the village of Wanduruppa where the mangroves are severely degraded (IUCN, 2005). Kayak tours through the mangroves of Bottle Creek, Frenchmans Creek Nature Reserve and Mangrove Cay provide economic benefit and employment for persons in the tourism sector. Palustrine habitats frequently form the ecotone (a transition area of vegetation between two different plant communities) between estuarine and upland habitats of TCI. Together with lacustrine habitats they also provide critical habitat for waterfowl species and saline herbaceous communities. These wetlands are the primary habitat for the islands’ national flower; the critically endangered endemic species Limonium bahamense, a succulent also known as ‘island heather’ that thrives in the saline conditions of salt flats. Small sinkholes are the habitat to another TCI endemic- a crustacean, Typhlatya spp. (note: identification is uncertain). 71
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Caribbean Regional Headquarters Has
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4.3.4. Women and Youth in TCI Agric
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6.3. Energy Supply and Distribution
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Figure 5.8.2: Relationship status o
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Table 4.1.2: Availability of water
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The CARIBSAVE Part
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The field work components of the re
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
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UKOT ----------------- United Kingd
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Overview Of Climate Change Issues I
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The field study sites include notab
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coastal infrastructure and settleme
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Perceptions of vulnerability in the
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Energy and Tourism Tourism is an in
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Reviewing and considering the feasi
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4. Local watershed management: supp
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Given the importance of tourism to
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Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity
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terrestrial habitats for the purpos
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1. GLOBAL AND REGIONAL CONTEXT The
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damages from intense climatic condi
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2. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES 2.1. Geog
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Table 2.2.1: Gross Domestic Product
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Figure 2.2.1 shows a decline in per
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oom for expansion of the fin fisher
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The CPA points out that the all-inc
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Table 3.1.1: Earliest and latest ye
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GCM projections of future rainfall
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3.4: GCM and RCM projected
Page 59 and 60: Relative humidity data has not been
Page 61 and 62: Table 3.6.1: Observed and GCM proje
Page 63 and 64: Annual Table 3.8.1: Observed and GC
Page 65 and 66: Annual DJF MAM JJA SON Annual DJF M
Page 67 and 68: frequency in the last 1,500 years b
Page 69 and 70: thermal expansion, with only a cons
Page 71 and 72: particularly affected by higher wat
Page 73 and 74: Table 4.1.2: Availability of water
Page 75 and 76: 3). Factors which increase the vuln
Page 77 and 78: 4.2. Energy Supply and Distribution
Page 79 and 80: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Page 81 and 82: Table 4.2.3: Assessment of CO2 emis
Page 83 and 84: Figure 4.2.3: Evolution of electric
Page 85 and 86: - Reduce electricity costs and pric
Page 87 and 88: Figure 4.2.5: Crude oil prices 1869
Page 89 and 90: Climate policy Figure 4.2.6: Fuel c
Page 91 and 92: taxes can also be a highly transpar
Page 93 and 94: number of potential impacts of clim
Page 95 and 96: 4.3. Agriculture and Food Security
Page 97 and 98: Caicos Islands stems from the fact
Page 99 and 100: Table 4.4.1: Selected statistics re
Page 101 and 102: 2000). Thus, despite the fact that
Page 103 and 104: Table 4.4.3: Reported cases of gast
Page 105 and 106: 4.5. Marine and Terrestrial Biodive
Page 107: Table 4.5.1: Turks and Caicos Islan
Page 111 and 112: and enforcing adequate coastal setb
Page 113 and 114: Turtle fishery At least two species
Page 115 and 116: Vulnerability of coral reefs to cli
Page 117 and 118: Figure 4.5.4: Unusual amount of Sar
Page 119 and 120: Figure 4.6.1: Grand Turk, The Turks
Page 121 and 122: Table 4.6.1: Impacts associated wit
Page 123 and 124: to identify individual properties,
Page 125 and 126: Figure 4.6.6: Total beach and land
Page 127 and 128: the tourism sector as well, since t
Page 129 and 130: Hurricane Irene (2011) Figure 4.7.2
Page 131 and 132: 4.7.3. Vulnerability of the tourism
Page 133 and 134: greater burden of care as poorer ho
Page 135 and 136: CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS DIRECT INDIR
Page 137 and 138: Partnership based on the establishe
Page 139 and 140: each gender group is of the opinion
Page 141 and 142: entity. One of the key resources ne
Page 143 and 144: 5. ADAPTIVE CAPACITY PROFILE FOR TH
Page 145 and 146: The institutional and regulatory fr
Page 147 and 148: 5.1.3. Technology Hydrological and
Page 149 and 150: equested a rate review to rebalance
Page 151 and 152: Table 5.2.1: Average weighted emiss
Page 153 and 154: agree that switching off air condit
Page 155 and 156: Note: Savings costs of energy effic
Page 157 and 158: Vast options exist to reduce energy
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5.4. Human Health 5.4.1. Policy The
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Table 5.4.1: Summary effects on the
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weaker social infrastructure. Conti
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end the Turks and Caicos Islands ar
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5.5.3. Technology A high degree of
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Table 5.6.1: Summary of adaptation
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5.6.2. Technology - Soft Engineerin
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5.7. Comprehensive Natural Disaster
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Table 5.7.1: Enhanced Comprehensive
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Related work in needs and vulnerabi
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Early Warning Systems (EWS) An EWS
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50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10%
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distributions based on the gender o
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significant differences in househol
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Table 5.8.13: Source of food supply
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45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0%
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Social Protection Provision Table 5
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Table 5.8.24: Sample distribution b
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Subsistence Agricultural land (16%)
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Resource Importance River / Stream
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In the event of a hurricane, 90.3%
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Event Hurricane Flooding Storm Surg
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Table 5.8.37: Household Adaptation
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Assessments focussing on the links
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Provide gender disaggregated data a
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Short Term Actions Reassess water p
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Long Term Actions Pursue the concep
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Area Management Foundation (C-CAM)
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6.8. Comprehensive Natural Disaster
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The Fire Service is government-run,
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7. CONCLUSION 7.1. Climate Modellin
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7.3. Energy Supply and Distribution
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7.7. Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge
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REFERENCES Alcamo, J., Moreno, J. M
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CAREC. (2008a). Caribbean Epidemiol
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Contreras-Lisperguer, R., & de Cuba
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http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUA
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Government of the Turks and Caicos
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Hu, A., Meehl, G., Han, W., & Yin,
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Lime Turks & Caicos Islands. (2011)
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OECD (2010). Taxation, Innovation a
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Stern, N. (2006). The Economics of
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Wetherell, G. (2010). Third Quarter
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