Turks and Caicos Islands

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Figure 4.6.3: Jodi Johnson (right), Environmental Officer for the Department of Environment and Coastal Resources with Ryan Sim (left), University of Waterloo Canada, using High Resolution Coastal Profile Surveying with an RTK GPS. Vertical measurements were adjusted according to the height of the receiver relative to the ground. The water’s edge was fixed to a datum point of 0 for the field measurements, but later adjusted according to tide charts. Generally, satellite connections were very good, receiving up to 10 satellites, resulting in submetre accuracy. The mean vertical accuracy for all points was approximately 0.015 to 0.3 m while the horizontal accuracy had a mean average of 0.015 to 0.2 m accuracy. Each transect point measurement was averaged over 30 readings taken at 1 second intervals. At each point, the nature of the ground cover (e.g. sand, vegetation, concrete) was logged to aid in the post-processing analysis. Ground control points (GCP) were taken to anchor the GPS positions to locations that are identifiable from aerial photographs to improve horizontal accuracy. These were taken where suitable landmarks existed at each transect location and throughout the island. GCP points were measured over 60 readings at 1 second intervals. Following the field collection, all of the GPS points were downloaded on to a Windows PC, and converted into several GIS formats. Most notably, the GPS points were converted into ESRI Shapefile format to be used with ESRI ArcGIS suite. Aerial Imagery was obtained from Google Earth, and was geo‐referenced using the GCPs collected. The data was then inspected for errors and incorporated with other GIS data collected while in the field. Absolute mean sea level was determined by comparing the first GPS point (water’s edge) to tide tables to determine the high tide mark. Three dimensional topographic models of each of the study sites were then produced from a raster topographic surface using the GPS elevation points as base height information. A Triangular Irregular Network (TIN) model was created to represent the beach profiles in three dimensions. Contour lines were delineated from both the TIN and raster topographic surface model. For the purpose of this study, contour lines were represented for every metre of elevation change above sea level. Using the topographic elevation data, flood lines were delineated in one metre intervals. In an effort to share the data with a wider audience, all GIS data will be compatible with several software applications, including Google Earth. The high resolution imagery provided by this technique is essential to assess the vulnerability of infrastructure and settlements to future SLR in the Turks and Caicos Islands. The imagery also has the ability 84
to identify individual properties, making it a very powerful risk communication tool. Having this information available for community level dialogue on potential adaptation strategies is highly valuable. Detailed maps from the three study locations are provided in Figure 4.6.4, Figure 4.6.5 and Figure 4.6.6, highlighting total land and beach loss due to SLR. Figure 4.6.4: Total beach and land loss from SLR, Historic Downtown Cockburn Town, Grand Turk Island As shown in Figure 4.6.4, SLR in the historic downtown Cockburn Town on Grand Turk Island would result in a total land loss of 85,140.15 m 2 , with a total beach loss of 6,541 m 2 . Grand Turk Cruise Centre will face similar land loss impacts (85,140.15 m 2 ), with an even greater beach loss of 27,192.62 m 2 (Figure 4.6.5). This will have significant implications for the shoreline, with a loss of high value commercial tourism properties, including the popular White Sands Beach Resort. The Western Shore (Figure 4.6.6) will lose the greatest amount of beach area to SLR at 58,233.83 m 2 , impacting the Grand Turk Inn, Sea Breeze Guest House, and the Osprey Beach Hotel. The Western Shore is also at risk to an additional land loss of 24,890 m 2 . 85
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Caribbean Regional Headquarters Has
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4.3.4. Women and Youth in TCI Agric
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6.3. Energy Supply and Distribution
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Figure 5.8.2: Relationship status o
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Table 4.1.2: Availability of water
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The CARIBSAVE Part
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The field work components of the re
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
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UKOT ----------------- United Kingd
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Overview Of Climate Change Issues I
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The field study sites include notab
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coastal infrastructure and settleme
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Perceptions of vulnerability in the
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Energy and Tourism Tourism is an in
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Reviewing and considering the feasi
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4. Local watershed management: supp
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Given the importance of tourism to
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Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity
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terrestrial habitats for the purpos
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1. GLOBAL AND REGIONAL CONTEXT The
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damages from intense climatic condi
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2. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES 2.1. Geog
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Table 2.2.1: Gross Domestic Product
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Figure 2.2.1 shows a decline in per
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oom for expansion of the fin fisher
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The CPA points out that the all-inc
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Table 3.1.1: Earliest and latest ye
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GCM projections of future rainfall
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Table 3.3.4: GCM and RCM projected
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Relative humidity data has not been
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Table 3.6.1: Observed and GCM proje
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Annual Table 3.8.1: Observed and GC
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Annual DJF MAM JJA SON Annual DJF M
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frequency in the last 1,500 years b
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thermal expansion, with only a cons
Page 71 and 72: particularly affected by higher wat
Page 73 and 74: Table 4.1.2: Availability of water
Page 75 and 76: 3). Factors which increase the vuln
Page 77 and 78: 4.2. Energy Supply and Distribution
Page 79 and 80: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Page 81 and 82: Table 4.2.3: Assessment of CO2 emis
Page 83 and 84: Figure 4.2.3: Evolution of electric
Page 85 and 86: - Reduce electricity costs and pric
Page 87 and 88: Figure 4.2.5: Crude oil prices 1869
Page 89 and 90: Climate policy Figure 4.2.6: Fuel c
Page 91 and 92: taxes can also be a highly transpar
Page 93 and 94: number of potential impacts of clim
Page 95 and 96: 4.3. Agriculture and Food Security
Page 97 and 98: Caicos Islands stems from the fact
Page 99 and 100: Table 4.4.1: Selected statistics re
Page 101 and 102: 2000). Thus, despite the fact that
Page 103 and 104: Table 4.4.3: Reported cases of gast
Page 105 and 106: 4.5. Marine and Terrestrial Biodive
Page 107 and 108: Table 4.5.1: Turks and Caicos Islan
Page 109 and 110: Status of wetlands Over half of the
Page 111 and 112: and enforcing adequate coastal setb
Page 113 and 114: Turtle fishery At least two species
Page 115 and 116: Vulnerability of coral reefs to cli
Page 117 and 118: Figure 4.5.4: Unusual amount of Sar
Page 119 and 120: Figure 4.6.1: Grand Turk, The Turks
Page 121: Table 4.6.1: Impacts associated wit
Page 125 and 126: Figure 4.6.6: Total beach and land
Page 127 and 128: the tourism sector as well, since t
Page 129 and 130: Hurricane Irene (2011) Figure 4.7.2
Page 131 and 132: 4.7.3. Vulnerability of the tourism
Page 133 and 134: greater burden of care as poorer ho
Page 135 and 136: CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS DIRECT INDIR
Page 137 and 138: Partnership based on the establishe
Page 139 and 140: each gender group is of the opinion
Page 141 and 142: entity. One of the key resources ne
Page 143 and 144: 5. ADAPTIVE CAPACITY PROFILE FOR TH
Page 145 and 146: The institutional and regulatory fr
Page 147 and 148: 5.1.3. Technology Hydrological and
Page 149 and 150: equested a rate review to rebalance
Page 151 and 152: Table 5.2.1: Average weighted emiss
Page 153 and 154: agree that switching off air condit
Page 155 and 156: Note: Savings costs of energy effic
Page 157 and 158: Vast options exist to reduce energy
Page 159 and 160: 5.4. Human Health 5.4.1. Policy The
Page 161 and 162: Table 5.4.1: Summary effects on the
Page 163 and 164: weaker social infrastructure. Conti
Page 165 and 166: end the Turks and Caicos Islands ar
Page 167 and 168: 5.5.3. Technology A high degree of
Page 169 and 170: Table 5.6.1: Summary of adaptation
Page 171 and 172: 5.6.2. Technology - Soft Engineerin
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5.7. Comprehensive Natural Disaster
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Table 5.7.1: Enhanced Comprehensive
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Related work in needs and vulnerabi
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Early Warning Systems (EWS) An EWS
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50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10%
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distributions based on the gender o
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significant differences in househol
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Table 5.8.13: Source of food supply
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45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0%
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Social Protection Provision Table 5
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Table 5.8.24: Sample distribution b
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Subsistence Agricultural land (16%)
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Resource Importance River / Stream
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In the event of a hurricane, 90.3%
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Event Hurricane Flooding Storm Surg
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Table 5.8.37: Household Adaptation
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Assessments focussing on the links
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Provide gender disaggregated data a
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Short Term Actions Reassess water p
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Long Term Actions Pursue the concep
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Area Management Foundation (C-CAM)
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6.8. Comprehensive Natural Disaster
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The Fire Service is government-run,
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7. CONCLUSION 7.1. Climate Modellin
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7.3. Energy Supply and Distribution
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7.7. Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge
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REFERENCES Alcamo, J., Moreno, J. M
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CAREC. (2008a). Caribbean Epidemiol
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Contreras-Lisperguer, R., & de Cuba
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http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUA
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Government of the Turks and Caicos
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Hu, A., Meehl, G., Han, W., & Yin,
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Lime Turks & Caicos Islands. (2011)
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OECD (2010). Taxation, Innovation a
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Stern, N. (2006). The Economics of
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Wetherell, G. (2010). Third Quarter
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