Turks and Caicos Islands

More documents

Recommendations

Info

5.6. Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge Impacts on Coastal Infrastructure and Settlements Based on the above evaluation, actions need to be taken to minimize infrastructure losses in vulnerable areas of Turks and Caicos. The current and projected vulnerabilities of the tourism sector to SLR, including coastal inundation and increased beach erosion, will result in economic losses for the Turks and Caicos Islands and its people. Adaptations to minimize vulnerabilities in the Turks and Caicos Islands will require revisions to development plans and investment decisions. These considerations must be based on the best available information regarding the specific coastal infrastructure and ecosystem resources along the coast, in addition to the resulting economic and non-market impacts. Given the historical damage caused by event driven coastal erosion, as well as slow-onset SLR, the need to design and implement better strategies for mitigating their impacts is becoming apparent. There are a number of solutions that can be used to tackle beach erosion. Unfortunately, most of the common solutions such as beach replenishment and groynes are only temporary and their cost makes them unaffordable (Daniel, 2001). There are three main types of adaptation policies that can be implemented to reduce the vulnerability of the tourism sector in the Turks and Caicos Islands to SLR and improve the adaptive capacity of the country: (1) Hard engineering defences and (2) soft engineering defences, which both aim to protect existing infrastructure and the land on which the infrastructure is built, as well as (3) retreat policies, which aim to establish setbacks and thereby move people and/or infrastructure away from risk. A summary of examples for each of the three types of adaptation polices are provided in Table 5.6.1, along with a summary of select advantages and disadvantages of each. Adaption options discussed in this report should be implemented in the framework of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) and all decisions need to take into account the broad range of stakeholders involved in decision-making in the coastal zone. Adaptations should benefit coastlines in light of both climate and non-climate stresses and adaptations need be promoted as a process towards ICZM rather than an endpoint (Linham & Nicholls, 2010). 130
Table 5.6.1: Summary of adaptation policies to reduce the vulnerability of Turks and Caicos to SLR and SLR-induced beach erosion Protection Type Advantages Hard Engineering Defences Disadvantages Dikes, levees, - Prevents inundation - Aesthetically unpleasing 1, 2 embankments - Can be breeched if improperly designed - Can create vulnerabilities in other locations (e.g. further erosion downward from the dikes) - Expensive - Requires ongoing maintenance 3, 4 Groynes - Prevents erosion - Aesthetically unpleasing - Can increase erosion in other locations (e.g. stops long shore drift and traps sand) - Expensive Revetments 3, 4 - Prevents inundation - Aesthetically unpleasing - Less unwanted erosion - Expensive than seawalls or levees - Requires ongoing maintenance and/or replacement (temporary) Seawalls 3, 5 - Prevents inundation - Aesthetically unpleasing - Good for densely - Can be breeched if improperly designed developed areas that - Can create vulnerabilities in other locations (e.g. cannot retreat further erosion adjacent from seawalls, reflect waves causing turbulence and undercutting) - Expensive - Requires ongoing maintenance - Scouring at the base of the seawall can cause beach loss in front of the wall Structure Redesign - Less environmentally - May be technologically unfeasible and expensive for (e.g. elevate buildings, damaging compared to large larger buildings and resorts 6, 7 enforce foundations) scale defences - Only protects the individual structure (not - Can be completed independently of centralized management plans surrounding infrastructures such as roads) Soft Engineering Defences Beach nourishment and - Enhances slope stability - Can ruin visitor experience while nourishment is replanting of coastal - Reduces erosion occurring (e.g. restrict beach access) 2, 3, 8 vegetation - Preserves natural beach - Can lead to conflict between resorts aesthetics - Differential grain size causing differing rates of erosion - Provides protection for (e.g. new sand vs. natural sand) structures behind beach - Difficult to maintain (e.g. nourishment needs to be - Improves biodiversity and repeated/replenished, unsuccessful plantings) ecological health - Will not work on open coastlines (i.e. requires locations where vegetation already exists) Replant, restructure and - Enhances slope stability - Conflict among resort managers (e.g. ‘sand wars’) 3, 8 reshape sand dunes - Reduces erosion - Temporary (waves will continually move sand) Relocate settlements and 2, 9, relevant infrastructure 10, 11, 12 Retreat Policies - Guaranteed to reduce SLR vulnerability - Less environmental damage to coastline if no development takes place - Retains aesthetic value 131 - Economic costs (e.g. relocation, compensation) - Social concerns (e.g. property rights, land use, loss of heritage, displacement) - Coordination of implementation is challenging (e.g. timing of relocation is problematic) - Concerns with abandoned buildings Sources: 1 (Silvester & Hsu, 1993) 2 (Nicholls & Mimura, 1998) 3 (French, 2001) 4 (El Raey, Dewidar, & El Hattab, 1999) 5 (Krauss & McDougal, 1996) 6 (Boateng, 2008) 7 (Lasco, Cruz, Pulhin, & Pulhin, 2006) 8 (Hamm, Capobiancob, Dettec, Lechugad, Spanhoffe, & Stivef, 2002) 9 (Fankhauser, 1995) 10 (Orlove, 2005) 11 (Patel, 2006) 12 (Barnett J. , 2005)
Page 1 and 2:
Caribbean Regional Headquarters Has
Page 3 and 4:
4.3.4. Women and Youth in TCI Agric
Page 5 and 6:
6.3. Energy Supply and Distribution
Page 7 and 8:
Figure 5.8.2: Relationship status o
Page 9 and 10:
Table 4.1.2: Availability of water
Page 11 and 12:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The CARIBSAVE Part
Page 13 and 14:
The field work components of the re
Page 15 and 16:
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
Page 17 and 18:
UKOT ----------------- United Kingd
Page 19 and 20:
Overview Of Climate Change Issues I
Page 21 and 22:
The field study sites include notab
Page 23 and 24:
coastal infrastructure and settleme
Page 25 and 26:
Perceptions of vulnerability in the
Page 27 and 28:
Energy and Tourism Tourism is an in
Page 29 and 30:
Reviewing and considering the feasi
Page 31 and 32:
4. Local watershed management: supp
Page 33 and 34:
Given the importance of tourism to
Page 35 and 36:
Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity
Page 37 and 38:
terrestrial habitats for the purpos
Page 39 and 40:
1. GLOBAL AND REGIONAL CONTEXT The
Page 41 and 42:
damages from intense climatic condi
Page 43 and 44:
2. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES 2.1. Geog
Page 45 and 46:
Table 2.2.1: Gross Domestic Product
Page 47 and 48:
Figure 2.2.1 shows a decline in per
Page 49 and 50:
oom for expansion of the fin fisher
Page 51 and 52:
The CPA points out that the all-inc
Page 53 and 54:
Table 3.1.1: Earliest and latest ye
Page 55 and 56:
GCM projections of future rainfall
Page 57 and 58:
Table 3.3.4: GCM and RCM projected
Page 59 and 60:
Relative humidity data has not been
Page 61 and 62:
Table 3.6.1: Observed and GCM proje
Page 63 and 64:
Annual Table 3.8.1: Observed and GC
Page 65 and 66:
Annual DJF MAM JJA SON Annual DJF M
Page 67 and 68:
frequency in the last 1,500 years b
Page 69 and 70:
thermal expansion, with only a cons
Page 71 and 72:
particularly affected by higher wat
Page 73 and 74:
Table 4.1.2: Availability of water
Page 75 and 76:
3). Factors which increase the vuln
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Page 81 and 82:
Table 4.2.3: Assessment of CO2 emis
Page 83 and 84:
Figure 4.2.3: Evolution of electric
Page 85 and 86:
- Reduce electricity costs and pric
Page 87 and 88:
Figure 4.2.5: Crude oil prices 1869
Page 89 and 90:
Climate policy Figure 4.2.6: Fuel c
Page 91 and 92:
taxes can also be a highly transpar
Page 93 and 94:
number of potential impacts of clim
Page 95 and 96:
4.3. Agriculture and Food Security
Page 97 and 98:
Caicos Islands stems from the fact
Page 99 and 100:
Table 4.4.1: Selected statistics re
Page 101 and 102:
2000). Thus, despite the fact that
Page 103 and 104:
Table 4.4.3: Reported cases of gast
Page 105 and 106:
4.5. Marine and Terrestrial Biodive
Page 107 and 108:
Table 4.5.1: Turks and Caicos Islan
Page 109 and 110:
Status of wetlands Over half of the
Page 111 and 112:
and enforcing adequate coastal setb
Page 113 and 114:
Turtle fishery At least two species
Page 115 and 116:
Vulnerability of coral reefs to cli
Page 117 and 118: Figure 4.5.4: Unusual amount of Sar
Page 119 and 120: Figure 4.6.1: Grand Turk, The Turks
Page 121 and 122: Table 4.6.1: Impacts associated wit
Page 123 and 124: to identify individual properties,
Page 125 and 126: Figure 4.6.6: Total beach and land
Page 127 and 128: the tourism sector as well, since t
Page 129 and 130: Hurricane Irene (2011) Figure 4.7.2
Page 131 and 132: 4.7.3. Vulnerability of the tourism
Page 133 and 134: greater burden of care as poorer ho
Page 135 and 136: CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS DIRECT INDIR
Page 137 and 138: Partnership based on the establishe
Page 139 and 140: each gender group is of the opinion
Page 141 and 142: entity. One of the key resources ne
Page 143 and 144: 5. ADAPTIVE CAPACITY PROFILE FOR TH
Page 145 and 146: The institutional and regulatory fr
Page 147 and 148: 5.1.3. Technology Hydrological and
Page 149 and 150: equested a rate review to rebalance
Page 151 and 152: Table 5.2.1: Average weighted emiss
Page 153 and 154: agree that switching off air condit
Page 155 and 156: Note: Savings costs of energy effic
Page 157 and 158: Vast options exist to reduce energy
Page 159 and 160: 5.4. Human Health 5.4.1. Policy The
Page 161 and 162: Table 5.4.1: Summary effects on the
Page 163 and 164: weaker social infrastructure. Conti
Page 165 and 166: end the Turks and Caicos Islands ar
Page 167: 5.5.3. Technology A high degree of
Page 171 and 172: 5.6.2. Technology - Soft Engineerin
Page 173 and 174: 5.7. Comprehensive Natural Disaster
Page 175 and 176: Table 5.7.1: Enhanced Comprehensive
Page 177 and 178: Related work in needs and vulnerabi
Page 179 and 180: Early Warning Systems (EWS) An EWS
Page 181 and 182: 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10%
Page 183 and 184: distributions based on the gender o
Page 185 and 186: significant differences in househol
Page 187 and 188: Table 5.8.13: Source of food supply
Page 189 and 190: 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0%
Page 191 and 192: Social Protection Provision Table 5
Page 193 and 194: Table 5.8.24: Sample distribution b
Page 195 and 196: Subsistence Agricultural land (16%)
Page 197 and 198: Resource Importance River / Stream
Page 199 and 200: In the event of a hurricane, 90.3%
Page 201 and 202: Event Hurricane Flooding Storm Surg
Page 203 and 204: Table 5.8.37: Household Adaptation
Page 205 and 206: Assessments focussing on the links
Page 207 and 208: Provide gender disaggregated data a
Page 209 and 210: Short Term Actions Reassess water p
Page 211 and 212: Long Term Actions Pursue the concep
Page 213 and 214: Area Management Foundation (C-CAM)
Page 215 and 216: 6.8. Comprehensive Natural Disaster
Page 217 and 218: The Fire Service is government-run,
Page 219 and 220:
7. CONCLUSION 7.1. Climate Modellin
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
7.7. Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge
Page 225 and 226:
REFERENCES Alcamo, J., Moreno, J. M
Page 227 and 228:
CAREC. (2008a). Caribbean Epidemiol
Page 229 and 230:
Contreras-Lisperguer, R., & de Cuba
Page 231 and 232:
http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUA
Page 233 and 234:
Government of the Turks and Caicos
Page 235 and 236:
Hu, A., Meehl, G., Han, W., & Yin,
Page 237 and 238:
Lime Turks & Caicos Islands. (2011)
Page 239 and 240:
OECD (2010). Taxation, Innovation a
Page 241 and 242:
Stern, N. (2006). The Economics of
Page 243 and 244:
Wetherell, G. (2010). Third Quarter
show all

Turks and Caicos Islands

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?