Turks and Caicos Islands

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water and Provo Water is in charge of the distribution (Kairi Consultants Limited, 2000a; ECLAC, 2008). Brackish ground water is treated at the reverse osmosis desalination plants. Currently, the production and storage of water in these islands is about 2.3 million gallons per day and its demand reaches 10 to 11 million gallons per month (ECLAC, 2008). In terms of tourism, 87% of hotel rooms are located in Providenciales and as such the greatest water demand for the sector may be associated with this (DEPS, 2009). The tourism sector places one of the greatest demands on water resources and sewerage facilities in Turks and Caicos (Bennett et al., 2002). There were 255,000 ‘stay over’ visitors to Turks and Caicos in 2009, the great majority originating from the United States of America (BCQS, 2010). Increased pollution in the coastal zone has been attributed to the tourism sector as well as rising population of the country (Bennett, et al., 2002). There are acute shortages on Grand Turk, South Caicos and Salt Cay, leading to interruptions to the water supply (Kairi Consultants Limited, 2000a). Due to its topography and geology, in Grand Turk surface water does not form a source of water; the main fresh water source is rain water. In the island, collection systems for rain water are well developed, consisting mainly of roof catchments, gutters and cisterns. Across the island there are also 27 tanks with a storage capacity of 5 million gallons, used for the collection and storage of water from three major ground catchments, two minor ones and roof catchments. In addition, reverse osmosis plants are also used for water supply. In 2000, Grand Turk had three reverse osmosis plants with a per-capita production capacity of around 136 litres per day. In Grand Turk some areas are supplied with salt water for flushing purposes, and there is an interest in making mandatory the implementation of both potable water and unmetered salt water domestic connections (Monteagudo and Miquel, 2000). Ground water is not used as a fresh water source in Grand Turk. This brackish water is currently used only for cattle watering. Regarding sewerage, only around 7.5% of toilets are connected to a central sewer system, predominantly in areas of high economic status. For the poorest of the population, only 33.8% of have their sanitation facilities connected to septic tanks, with 62.4% using pit latrines; in the high income population, 72% use septic tanks and only 9% pit latrines. In Providenciales, the most urbanised of the islands, pit latrines are used by 30% of the overall population. Shared sanitation facilities are used by 28% of the population rising to 37.1% for the poor population (Kairi Consultants Limited, 2000a) Only 27.7% of wells and tanks for water collection and storage are public, thus, private supply of water is common among households (63.6%). Among the poor population, a much greater proportion (51.6%) depend on public storage systems including wells and tanks, compared to 44.6% utilising a private supply (Kairi Consultants Limited, 2000a). 34
Table 4.1.2: Availability of water resources in the Turks and Caicos Islands Islands Distribution and thickness of known aquifers Providenciales Few freshwater aquifers Pine Cay/ Water Cay Freshwater available Parrot Cay Less freshwater than on Pine Cay and Water Cay North Caicos Freshwater sources in Kew, Bottle Creek, Monkey Hill and Sandy Point Middle Caicos Conch Bar, Bambarra and Lorimers South Caicos Groundwater sources are brackish Grand Turk Groundwater sources, once potable now brackish Salt Cay All wells supply are brackish (Source: Taken from Byron, 2011) Table 4.1.3: Distribution of water resources in Turks and Caicos Islands Islands Water Sources Distribution Water Agency Providenciales • SWRO • Private harvesting Grand Turk • SWRO • Public harvesting • Private harvesting North Caicos • Public harvesting • Private harvesting Groundwater wells South Caicos • SWRO • Public harvesting • Private harvesting Middle Caicos • Public harvesting • Private harvesting Groundwater wells 35 • Piped • Issue points • Piped • Issue points Providenciales Water Company Water Undertaking Department • Issue points Water Undertaking Department • Issue points Water Undertaking Department • Issue points Water Undertaking Department West Caicos • SWRO • Issue points Privately developed Salt Cay • SWRO • Public harvesting • Private harvesting Water Undertaking Department Pine Cay • SWRO Privately developed Parrot Cay • SWRO Privately developed Ambergis Cay • SWRO Privately developed SWRO – Salt Water Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plant (Source: Byron, 2011) 4.1.2. Vulnerability of Water Availability and Quality Sector to Climate Change According to (Byron, 2011), climate change is likely to put stress on existing water infrastructure, with an inadequate maintenance of aging water production and delivery systems leaving them vulnerable; coastal erosion and flooding has already damaged water infrastructure (Byron, 2011). Water resources in the Turks and Caicos Islands are limited, consisting of rainfall, saline water and scarce ground water supplies which have had problems with contamination (Bennett et al., 2002). Occasional droughts and water shortages occur in most islands (Byron, 2011). Ground water aquifers are likely to experience decreased rates of replenishment, erosion of natural barriers and salt water intrusion; rainwater harvesting would be affected
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Caribbean Regional Headquarters Has
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4.3.4. Women and Youth in TCI Agric
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6.3. Energy Supply and Distribution
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Figure 5.8.2: Relationship status o
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Table 4.1.2: Availability of water
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The CARIBSAVE Part
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The field work components of the re
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
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UKOT ----------------- United Kingd
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Overview Of Climate Change Issues I
Page 21 and 22: The field study sites include notab
Page 23 and 24: coastal infrastructure and settleme
Page 25 and 26: Perceptions of vulnerability in the
Page 27 and 28: Energy and Tourism Tourism is an in
Page 29 and 30: Reviewing and considering the feasi
Page 31 and 32: 4. Local watershed management: supp
Page 33 and 34: Given the importance of tourism to
Page 35 and 36: Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity
Page 37 and 38: terrestrial habitats for the purpos
Page 39 and 40: 1. GLOBAL AND REGIONAL CONTEXT The
Page 41 and 42: damages from intense climatic condi
Page 43 and 44: 2. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES 2.1. Geog
Page 45 and 46: Table 2.2.1: Gross Domestic Product
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.2.1 shows a decline in per
Page 49 and 50: oom for expansion of the fin fisher
Page 51 and 52: The CPA points out that the all-inc
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1.1: Earliest and latest ye
Page 55 and 56: GCM projections of future rainfall
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3.4: GCM and RCM projected
Page 59 and 60: Relative humidity data has not been
Page 61 and 62: Table 3.6.1: Observed and GCM proje
Page 63 and 64: Annual Table 3.8.1: Observed and GC
Page 65 and 66: Annual DJF MAM JJA SON Annual DJF M
Page 67 and 68: frequency in the last 1,500 years b
Page 69 and 70: thermal expansion, with only a cons
Page 71: particularly affected by higher wat
Page 75 and 76: 3). Factors which increase the vuln
Page 77 and 78: 4.2. Energy Supply and Distribution
Page 79 and 80: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Page 81 and 82: Table 4.2.3: Assessment of CO2 emis
Page 83 and 84: Figure 4.2.3: Evolution of electric
Page 85 and 86: - Reduce electricity costs and pric
Page 87 and 88: Figure 4.2.5: Crude oil prices 1869
Page 89 and 90: Climate policy Figure 4.2.6: Fuel c
Page 91 and 92: taxes can also be a highly transpar
Page 93 and 94: number of potential impacts of clim
Page 95 and 96: 4.3. Agriculture and Food Security
Page 97 and 98: Caicos Islands stems from the fact
Page 99 and 100: Table 4.4.1: Selected statistics re
Page 101 and 102: 2000). Thus, despite the fact that
Page 103 and 104: Table 4.4.3: Reported cases of gast
Page 105 and 106: 4.5. Marine and Terrestrial Biodive
Page 107 and 108: Table 4.5.1: Turks and Caicos Islan
Page 109 and 110: Status of wetlands Over half of the
Page 111 and 112: and enforcing adequate coastal setb
Page 113 and 114: Turtle fishery At least two species
Page 115 and 116: Vulnerability of coral reefs to cli
Page 117 and 118: Figure 4.5.4: Unusual amount of Sar
Page 119 and 120: Figure 4.6.1: Grand Turk, The Turks
Page 121 and 122: Table 4.6.1: Impacts associated wit
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to identify individual properties,
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Figure 4.6.6: Total beach and land
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the tourism sector as well, since t
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Hurricane Irene (2011) Figure 4.7.2
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4.7.3. Vulnerability of the tourism
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greater burden of care as poorer ho
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CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS DIRECT INDIR
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Partnership based on the establishe
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each gender group is of the opinion
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entity. One of the key resources ne
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5. ADAPTIVE CAPACITY PROFILE FOR TH
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The institutional and regulatory fr
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5.1.3. Technology Hydrological and
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equested a rate review to rebalance
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Table 5.2.1: Average weighted emiss
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agree that switching off air condit
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Note: Savings costs of energy effic
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Vast options exist to reduce energy
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5.4. Human Health 5.4.1. Policy The
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Table 5.4.1: Summary effects on the
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weaker social infrastructure. Conti
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end the Turks and Caicos Islands ar
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5.5.3. Technology A high degree of
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Table 5.6.1: Summary of adaptation
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5.6.2. Technology - Soft Engineerin
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5.7. Comprehensive Natural Disaster
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Table 5.7.1: Enhanced Comprehensive
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Related work in needs and vulnerabi
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Early Warning Systems (EWS) An EWS
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50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10%
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distributions based on the gender o
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significant differences in househol
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Table 5.8.13: Source of food supply
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45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0%
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Social Protection Provision Table 5
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Table 5.8.24: Sample distribution b
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Subsistence Agricultural land (16%)
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Resource Importance River / Stream
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In the event of a hurricane, 90.3%
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Event Hurricane Flooding Storm Surg
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Table 5.8.37: Household Adaptation
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Assessments focussing on the links
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Provide gender disaggregated data a
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Short Term Actions Reassess water p
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Long Term Actions Pursue the concep
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Area Management Foundation (C-CAM)
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6.8. Comprehensive Natural Disaster
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The Fire Service is government-run,
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7. CONCLUSION 7.1. Climate Modellin
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7.3. Energy Supply and Distribution
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7.7. Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge
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REFERENCES Alcamo, J., Moreno, J. M
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CAREC. (2008a). Caribbean Epidemiol
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Contreras-Lisperguer, R., & de Cuba
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http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUA
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Government of the Turks and Caicos
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Hu, A., Meehl, G., Han, W., & Yin,
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Lime Turks & Caicos Islands. (2011)
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OECD (2010). Taxation, Innovation a
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Stern, N. (2006). The Economics of
Page 243 and 244:
Wetherell, G. (2010). Third Quarter
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