Turks and Caicos Islands

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6. RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES AND INITIAL ACTION PLAN The following recommendations have been developed in consultation with national and community stakeholders through the use of various participatory tools. They support the main objective of the CCCRA which is to provide a scientific (physical and social) basis to support decision making, policy and planning by governments, communities and the private sector that increase resilience of economies and livelihoods to climate change. The recommendations are also consistent with the strategies and programmes identified in the Climate Change and the Caribbean: A Regional Framework for Achieving Development Resilient to Climate Change endorsed by the CARICOM Heads of State. Recommendations are presented as an initial plan of action with a brief description of the intervention, the national and/or local stakeholders involved and the expected benefits, and are categorised according to short-, medium- and long-term interventions. All recommendations are considered ‘No-regret’ or ‘Lowregret’ strategies. 'No-regret' strategies seek to maximise positive and minimise negative outcomes for communities and societies in climate-sensitive areas such as agriculture, food security, water resources and health. This means taking climate-related decisions or actions that make sense in development terms, whether or not a specific climate threat actually materialises in the future. ‘Low-regret’ adaptation options are those where moderate levels of investment increase the capacity to cope with future climate risks. Typically, these involve over-specifying components, for example installing larger diameter drains or hurricane shutters at the time of initial construction or refurbishment (World Bank, 2012). Each one or a group of recommendations can be further developed into a concept note or project proposal with a full action plan, with much of the supporting information found in this document. Earlier sections of this report have provided the rationale for recommended interventions based on the vulnerabilities and adaptive capacity identified for key sectors. 6.1. Cross-Cutting Actions The following activities must be undertaken in the short-term, across a number of sectors, to ensure the success of the more specific and practical recommendations presented in later sections. These cross-cutting actions provide the necessary foundation, in terms of information and data, development policy, awareness raising and cross-sectoral linkages from which wider actions to combat the threat of climate change on future development can be legitimised. With this foundation, future actions and the allocation of resources to adaptation and mitigation activities are more easily justified because decisions can be based on current information, as well as common goals and a widespread understanding of the severity of the threat. 6.1.1. Data Collection, Monitoring and Evaluation It is evident in a number of sectors that the lack of data and inadequate monitoring and evaluation procedures inhibit the ability of the relevant agencies to plan and manage a number of resources. Monitoring and evaluation is essential if progress is to be demonstrated. By collecting and sharing the information gathered, Section 6.1.3, it is possible to gain even greater support amongst stakeholders. Specific areas and suggestions for data collection, monitoring and evaluation include: 166
Assessments focussing on the links between health, tourism and climate change: Further research should be conducted to link the epidemiology of diseases in the Turks and Caicos Islands with climate data. For instance, dengue fever is perhaps under-reported by travellers who experience the generalised symptoms of the disease and are unfamiliar with them and similarly health care professionals also under diagnose the disease (Wilder-Smith and Schwartz, 2005). An Exit Survey can be conducted to prove or disprove the former scenario, to investigate other potential health concerns, and to determine the perception of tourists on the relationships between travel, health and climate change in TCI. These assessments can lead to a better understanding of the implications for tourists entering the region contracting diseases, particularly communicable diseases; and the likelihood of destination substitution. Energy audits: Only few countries and businesses assess and monitor their tourism-related energy use and emissions. National, as well as company-specific inventories to assess energy use and related emissions are a precondition for any work to reduce energy use. It is therefore recommended that capacity assessments be undertaken and the necessary training provided to ensure that the Turks and Caicos Islands have the personnel capable of undertaking energy and carbon audits. Energy- and carbon labelling of a wide range of products and services should also be policy goals. As for instance Meade and Pringle (2001) have shown, engaging in environmental management systems can have a significant cost-saving impact and be an avenue to engage stakeholders. 6.1.2. Mainstreaming Climate Change in Policy, Planning and Practice Due to the time scales required for the removal of GHG from the atmosphere and the thermal inertia of the oceans, the effects of prior emissions will ensure that climate change impacts will persist for more than a millennium (Areces-Mallea, et al., 1999; MHLE, 2005). It is therefore vital to not only recognize the vulnerabilities, but to anticipate and prepare for future implications. More than implementing a technology or building a structure, mainstreaming climate change becomes a critical element of adaptation if it is to be successful. It involves awareness raising, information sharing, planning and design, implementation, and perhaps most importantly, evaluation (Linham & Nicholls, 2010). In particular, where policies and plans already exist there are areas that lack sufficient consideration of climate change and its impacts. The following recommendations were tailored to address some of the gaps revealed: Work with relevant tourism stakeholders – the Department of Tourism and the Turks and Caicos Hotel and Tourism Association – to further develop and implement sustainable tourism plans with more attention paid to disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation: Tourism infrastructure is currently concentrated in the coastal zone where the risk of storm surge, tsunami and coastal erosion is greatest. These hazards will degrade the tourism product (e.g. beach, coral reef) and also expose tourists to higher risks than would occur if they were staying at a place of accommodation in the interior of the island or on higher ground. Given the limited availability of such ‘safer’ locations in TCI, the importance of preparedness and mitigation is great. Furthermore, climate change threatens to degrade, and possibly destroy the Caribbean tourism industry, and impacts on a single island may be transferred to other islands since tourists often view the region as one destination. Collaboration and support from hotels and tourismrelated enterprises is needed to successfully enable climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction goals in TCI. Integrate SLR considerations in local land use and development planning, with special consideration for vulnerable coastal areas and tourism hot-spots to reduce or avoid impacts: This requires national-level consultation with the Departments of Planning, Survey and Mapping, Land Valuation, Environment and 167
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Caribbean Regional Headquarters Has
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4.3.4. Women and Youth in TCI Agric
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6.3. Energy Supply and Distribution
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Figure 5.8.2: Relationship status o
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Table 4.1.2: Availability of water
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The CARIBSAVE Part
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The field work components of the re
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
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UKOT ----------------- United Kingd
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Overview Of Climate Change Issues I
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The field study sites include notab
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coastal infrastructure and settleme
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Perceptions of vulnerability in the
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Energy and Tourism Tourism is an in
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Reviewing and considering the feasi
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4. Local watershed management: supp
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Given the importance of tourism to
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Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity
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terrestrial habitats for the purpos
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1. GLOBAL AND REGIONAL CONTEXT The
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damages from intense climatic condi
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2. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES 2.1. Geog
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Table 2.2.1: Gross Domestic Product
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Figure 2.2.1 shows a decline in per
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oom for expansion of the fin fisher
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The CPA points out that the all-inc
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Table 3.1.1: Earliest and latest ye
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GCM projections of future rainfall
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Table 3.3.4: GCM and RCM projected
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Relative humidity data has not been
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Table 3.6.1: Observed and GCM proje
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Annual Table 3.8.1: Observed and GC
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Annual DJF MAM JJA SON Annual DJF M
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frequency in the last 1,500 years b
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thermal expansion, with only a cons
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particularly affected by higher wat
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Table 4.1.2: Availability of water
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3). Factors which increase the vuln
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4.2. Energy Supply and Distribution
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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
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Table 4.2.3: Assessment of CO2 emis
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Figure 4.2.3: Evolution of electric
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- Reduce electricity costs and pric
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Figure 4.2.5: Crude oil prices 1869
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Climate policy Figure 4.2.6: Fuel c
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taxes can also be a highly transpar
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number of potential impacts of clim
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4.3. Agriculture and Food Security
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Caicos Islands stems from the fact
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Table 4.4.1: Selected statistics re
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2000). Thus, despite the fact that
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Table 4.4.3: Reported cases of gast
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4.5. Marine and Terrestrial Biodive
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Table 4.5.1: Turks and Caicos Islan
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Status of wetlands Over half of the
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and enforcing adequate coastal setb
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Turtle fishery At least two species
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Vulnerability of coral reefs to cli
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Figure 4.5.4: Unusual amount of Sar
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Figure 4.6.1: Grand Turk, The Turks
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Table 4.6.1: Impacts associated wit
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to identify individual properties,
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Figure 4.6.6: Total beach and land
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the tourism sector as well, since t
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Hurricane Irene (2011) Figure 4.7.2
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4.7.3. Vulnerability of the tourism
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greater burden of care as poorer ho
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CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS DIRECT INDIR
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Partnership based on the establishe
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each gender group is of the opinion
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entity. One of the key resources ne
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5. ADAPTIVE CAPACITY PROFILE FOR TH
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The institutional and regulatory fr
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5.1.3. Technology Hydrological and
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equested a rate review to rebalance
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Table 5.2.1: Average weighted emiss
Page 153 and 154: agree that switching off air condit
Page 155 and 156: Note: Savings costs of energy effic
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Page 159 and 160: 5.4. Human Health 5.4.1. Policy The
Page 161 and 162: Table 5.4.1: Summary effects on the
Page 163 and 164: weaker social infrastructure. Conti
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Page 167 and 168: 5.5.3. Technology A high degree of
Page 169 and 170: Table 5.6.1: Summary of adaptation
Page 171 and 172: 5.6.2. Technology - Soft Engineerin
Page 173 and 174: 5.7. Comprehensive Natural Disaster
Page 175 and 176: Table 5.7.1: Enhanced Comprehensive
Page 177 and 178: Related work in needs and vulnerabi
Page 179 and 180: Early Warning Systems (EWS) An EWS
Page 181 and 182: 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10%
Page 183 and 184: distributions based on the gender o
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Page 187 and 188: Table 5.8.13: Source of food supply
Page 189 and 190: 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0%
Page 191 and 192: Social Protection Provision Table 5
Page 193 and 194: Table 5.8.24: Sample distribution b
Page 195 and 196: Subsistence Agricultural land (16%)
Page 197 and 198: Resource Importance River / Stream
Page 199 and 200: In the event of a hurricane, 90.3%
Page 201 and 202: Event Hurricane Flooding Storm Surg
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Page 207 and 208: Provide gender disaggregated data a
Page 209 and 210: Short Term Actions Reassess water p
Page 211 and 212: Long Term Actions Pursue the concep
Page 213 and 214: Area Management Foundation (C-CAM)
Page 215 and 216: 6.8. Comprehensive Natural Disaster
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Page 219 and 220: 7. CONCLUSION 7.1. Climate Modellin
Page 221 and 222: 7.3. Energy Supply and Distribution
Page 223 and 224: 7.7. Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge
Page 225 and 226: REFERENCES Alcamo, J., Moreno, J. M
Page 227 and 228: CAREC. (2008a). Caribbean Epidemiol
Page 229 and 230: Contreras-Lisperguer, R., & de Cuba
Page 231 and 232: http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUA
Page 233 and 234: Government of the Turks and Caicos
Page 235 and 236: Hu, A., Meehl, G., Han, W., & Yin,
Page 237 and 238: Lime Turks & Caicos Islands. (2011)
Page 239 and 240: OECD (2010). Taxation, Innovation a
Page 241 and 242: Stern, N. (2006). The Economics of
Page 243 and 244: Wetherell, G. (2010). Third Quarter
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Turks and Caicos Islands

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