Turks and Caicos Islands

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lesser extent in Turks and Caicos. In this region limited human capacity and attention to evaluation are two major challenges to the utilization of IVM. Improve the use of technology in the Health Sector: Two aspects of technology that can be developed in the Turks and Caicos Islands’ health sector involve vector borne diseases. An Early Disease Warning System that considers temperature signatures for vector borne diseases can be considered, however this must be validated (Chen, Chadee, & Rawlins, 2006) and be site-specific (Ebi, et al., 2006). Other signatures could be further researched such as the use of the pre-seasonal treatment (Chadee, 2009). This can be a practical way to execute effective disease control (Ebi, et al., 2006). Long Term Actions Publications in academic journals and papers: Additionally, there is a need to further efforts to have data better analysed, peer reviewed and published. Thus, increased research of climate change related diseases, will enable validation of hypothesises related to epidemics and climatic variables. It would further encourage the development of a “culture” of systematic review and the conversion of knowledge into policy and planning. 6.6. Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity and Fisheries Medium to Long Term Actions Improve the management and resilience of fish sanctuaries and MPAs: The Government of the Turks and Caicos Islands has demonstrated its commitment to promoting the preservation and sustainable use of marine resources by the establishment of a number of MPAs across the islands. It is noted that management of MPAs in the Caribbean often suffer from a severe lack of funds. A needs assessment conducted by The Nature Conservancy showed a significant gap in available finances and finances required to meet the 2020 goal. Similarly, for instance, the Financial Needs Assessment conducted for the Sustainable Financing Plan for Jamaica’s System of Protected Areas 2010 - 2020 estimated that between US $267,000 and US $358,000 would be needed annually for the management of each sanctuary. In light of this challenge, a joint sustainable management and finance mechanism can establish a more effective fish sanctuary management and enforcement system for coastal communities and enhance the capacity of resource managers and users to be more resilient to climate change. The strategy or mechanism should seek to increase the involvement of the tourism sector (various hotels, the Turks and Caicos Hotel and Tourism Association) in collaboration with the Department for the Environment and Coastal Resources in supporting community-based MPAs. The strategy will not only promote sustainable management of the MPAs, but will also provide opportunities for alternative livelihoods and technologies for public education. Mangrove Restoration and Protection: The TCI Climate Change Green Paper identifies mangrove restoration as an adaptation strategy to improve coastal defence against rising sea level and storm surge impacts. Reforestation of the mangrove stands will also improve the health of fish nurseries and coral reefs thus benefitting the livelihoods of those engaged in marine-based activities. Proposed MPAs will benefit from the presence of mangrove trees, which filter pollutants and provide protection to fish and crustaceans allowing them to increase in size and abundance. However reforestation projects will not be effective if development projects are allowed to remove and damage mangrove stands. One method of mangrove reforestation which has proven successful in Belize is the Riley Encased Methodology (REM). The method, which uses a small PVC pipe to protect growing saplings, is relatively inexpensive, easily implemented and causes minimal disturbance to the environment. A Caribbean Coastal 174
Area Management Foundation (C-CAM) representative based in Jamaica is interested in exploring the option of using water-proofed paper tubing that will biodegrade over time. This adaptation from the REM methodology will save a step in the process since the piping will not have to be removed once the saplings have grown to reproductively mature trees. A natural alternative is the use of bamboo wave attenuators to protect developing saplings. Construct/restore Wastewater Wetland Treatment Systems (WWTS): As the tourism industry expands protecting the marine environment from sewage will become a greater challenge; TCI’s extensive wetlands are a means of addressing this issue and provide an opportunity to build the resilience of coral reefs. Wetlands naturally act as biofilters to remove contaminants from wastewater. A study on hotel sewage package treatment plants in Saint Lucia found that the highest quality effluent was at a wetland treatment system for a medium-sized hotel (UNEP, 1998). Sewage is first pre-treated with screening and settling. The wastewater then flows into a three-tiered, free-water-surface wetland system dug into a hill. The wetland effluent passes through a filter and then is disinfected with an ultraviolet lamp. WWTS are a low maintenance, low energy and cost effective alternative to conventional treatment options. They also provide aesthetic and habitat values. Priority sites for constructed/restored wetlands should include hotels and tourist related operations. This strategy provides opportunity to strengthen collaboration between the Departments of Tourism, Environment and Coastal Resources, Planning and Water Undertaking. Hotels that utilize the WWTS may benefit from gaining preferred status as eco-friendly establishments. Coral Reef Nurseries: Scientists have successfully grown corals in laboratories for many years. Such research has now made it possible for corals to be transplanted and regenerated in their natural environment. Given TCI’s commitment to using MPAs as tools for protecting marine ecosystems and the country’s experience with biorock and reef ball technology, coral reef nurseries may be established within well managed protected areas. Corals may then be transplanted onto healthy reefs. With further research it may be possible for coral to be transplanted around other islands in the Caribbean that do not have MPAs that are sufficiently managed to feasibly establish coral nurseries. The Department for the Environment and Coastal Resources can investigate the feasibility of implementing this activity. Understandably, training for staff and interested volunteers from the diving and recreational viewing community will be required. However, the increase in coral cover will increase habitat for fish providing benefits to both the fisheries and tourism industries. Resilient reefs will better withstand climate change impacts and provide better protection to coastlines from storm surge. By engaging fishers and volunteers from communities will fulfil two objectives: increasing education and awareness, and gaining public participation. 6.7. Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge Impacts on Coastal Infrastructure and Settlements Short Term Actions Inventory existing coastal protection defences, as well as their design range and maintenance status: This analysis of the vulnerability of tourism infrastructure was hindered by inadequate data on existing coastal structures, their type, design specifications and expected lifetime. Future assessments of the costs and benefits of coastal protection require this information to provide a more accurate estimate of the resources required for SLR adaptation. 175
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Caribbean Regional Headquarters Has
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4.3.4. Women and Youth in TCI Agric
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6.3. Energy Supply and Distribution
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Figure 5.8.2: Relationship status o
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Table 4.1.2: Availability of water
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The CARIBSAVE Part
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The field work components of the re
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
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UKOT ----------------- United Kingd
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Overview Of Climate Change Issues I
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The field study sites include notab
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coastal infrastructure and settleme
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Perceptions of vulnerability in the
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Energy and Tourism Tourism is an in
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Reviewing and considering the feasi
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4. Local watershed management: supp
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Given the importance of tourism to
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Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity
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terrestrial habitats for the purpos
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1. GLOBAL AND REGIONAL CONTEXT The
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damages from intense climatic condi
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2. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES 2.1. Geog
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Table 2.2.1: Gross Domestic Product
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Figure 2.2.1 shows a decline in per
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oom for expansion of the fin fisher
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The CPA points out that the all-inc
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Table 3.1.1: Earliest and latest ye
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GCM projections of future rainfall
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Table 3.3.4: GCM and RCM projected
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Relative humidity data has not been
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Table 3.6.1: Observed and GCM proje
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Annual Table 3.8.1: Observed and GC
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Annual DJF MAM JJA SON Annual DJF M
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frequency in the last 1,500 years b
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thermal expansion, with only a cons
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particularly affected by higher wat
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Table 4.1.2: Availability of water
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3). Factors which increase the vuln
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4.2. Energy Supply and Distribution
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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
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Table 4.2.3: Assessment of CO2 emis
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Figure 4.2.3: Evolution of electric
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- Reduce electricity costs and pric
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Figure 4.2.5: Crude oil prices 1869
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Climate policy Figure 4.2.6: Fuel c
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taxes can also be a highly transpar
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number of potential impacts of clim
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4.3. Agriculture and Food Security
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Caicos Islands stems from the fact
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Table 4.4.1: Selected statistics re
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2000). Thus, despite the fact that
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Table 4.4.3: Reported cases of gast
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4.5. Marine and Terrestrial Biodive
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Table 4.5.1: Turks and Caicos Islan
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Status of wetlands Over half of the
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and enforcing adequate coastal setb
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Turtle fishery At least two species
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Vulnerability of coral reefs to cli
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Figure 4.5.4: Unusual amount of Sar
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Figure 4.6.1: Grand Turk, The Turks
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Table 4.6.1: Impacts associated wit
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to identify individual properties,
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Figure 4.6.6: Total beach and land
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the tourism sector as well, since t
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Hurricane Irene (2011) Figure 4.7.2
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4.7.3. Vulnerability of the tourism
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greater burden of care as poorer ho
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CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS DIRECT INDIR
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Partnership based on the establishe
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each gender group is of the opinion
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entity. One of the key resources ne
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5. ADAPTIVE CAPACITY PROFILE FOR TH
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The institutional and regulatory fr
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5.1.3. Technology Hydrological and
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equested a rate review to rebalance
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Table 5.2.1: Average weighted emiss
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agree that switching off air condit
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Note: Savings costs of energy effic
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Vast options exist to reduce energy
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5.4. Human Health 5.4.1. Policy The
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Page 163 and 164: weaker social infrastructure. Conti
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Page 167 and 168: 5.5.3. Technology A high degree of
Page 169 and 170: Table 5.6.1: Summary of adaptation
Page 171 and 172: 5.6.2. Technology - Soft Engineerin
Page 173 and 174: 5.7. Comprehensive Natural Disaster
Page 175 and 176: Table 5.7.1: Enhanced Comprehensive
Page 177 and 178: Related work in needs and vulnerabi
Page 179 and 180: Early Warning Systems (EWS) An EWS
Page 181 and 182: 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10%
Page 183 and 184: distributions based on the gender o
Page 185 and 186: significant differences in househol
Page 187 and 188: Table 5.8.13: Source of food supply
Page 189 and 190: 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0%
Page 191 and 192: Social Protection Provision Table 5
Page 193 and 194: Table 5.8.24: Sample distribution b
Page 195 and 196: Subsistence Agricultural land (16%)
Page 197 and 198: Resource Importance River / Stream
Page 199 and 200: In the event of a hurricane, 90.3%
Page 201 and 202: Event Hurricane Flooding Storm Surg
Page 203 and 204: Table 5.8.37: Household Adaptation
Page 205 and 206: Assessments focussing on the links
Page 207 and 208: Provide gender disaggregated data a
Page 209 and 210: Short Term Actions Reassess water p
Page 211: Long Term Actions Pursue the concep
Page 215 and 216: 6.8. Comprehensive Natural Disaster
Page 217 and 218: The Fire Service is government-run,
Page 219 and 220: 7. CONCLUSION 7.1. Climate Modellin
Page 221 and 222: 7.3. Energy Supply and Distribution
Page 223 and 224: 7.7. Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge
Page 225 and 226: REFERENCES Alcamo, J., Moreno, J. M
Page 227 and 228: CAREC. (2008a). Caribbean Epidemiol
Page 229 and 230: Contreras-Lisperguer, R., & de Cuba
Page 231 and 232: http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUA
Page 233 and 234: Government of the Turks and Caicos
Page 235 and 236: Hu, A., Meehl, G., Han, W., & Yin,
Page 237 and 238: Lime Turks & Caicos Islands. (2011)
Page 239 and 240: OECD (2010). Taxation, Innovation a
Page 241 and 242: Stern, N. (2006). The Economics of
Page 243 and 244: Wetherell, G. (2010). Third Quarter
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