Turks and Caicos Islands

high yield for the destination, while only causing marginal emissions. For instance, in the case of
Amsterdam, a German tourist causes emissions of 0.16 kg CO2 per € of revenue, while a visitor from
Australia would emit 3.18 kg CO2 to create the same revenue.
Figure 5.2.1: Eco-efficiencies of different source markets, Amsterdam
(Source: Gössling et al. 2005)
These indicators can serve as a basis for restructuring markets, possibly the most important single measure
to reduce the energy dependence of the tourism system. However, further analysis is required to
distinguish revenue/profit ratios, leakage factors/multipliers (to identify the tourist most beneficial to the
regional/national economy) and to integrate market changes into an elasticity analysis (to focus on stable,
price-inelastic markets) (see also Becken, 2008; Schiff and Becken, 2010). No study that integrates these
factors has been carried out so far, but further developing such strategic tools for revenue and energy
management would appear useful for the Caribbean.
In Barbados, a survey carried out in February 2011 to better understand tourist perspectives on spending,
length of stay, climate change and mitigation, yielded some interesting results. In this regard, 71% of
respondents stated that they would have liked to stay longer, and 61% stated that they had spent less
money than planned. It is likely that similar results could be found throughout the region, and further
research needs to be carried out to identify how this potential can be realized: longer stays increase the
share of money retained in the national economy, primarily in accommodation, while higher expenditure
also contributes to increasing national tourism revenue, notably with a lower leakage factor, as spending
for air travel will usually entail smaller profit shares and higher leakage. The Barbados study also revealed
that 73% of respondents are willing to drive less by car, 70% stated willingness to use smaller cars, and 81%
are positive about electric cars. With regard to A/C use, one of the major factors in energy use in hotels,
tourists also support resource savings: 71% stated to be willing to use fans rather than air conditioning, 90%
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