Turks and Caicos Islands

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climate of the Turks and Caicos, supported by generic descriptions found in the literature. The climate modelling (see Section 3) uses gridded global or regional datasets of observed weather, with a grid resolution of 0.5° or greater. The data comes from weather stations across the globe or records of sea surface temperature in marine areas from voluntary observation ships that is then averaged within each grid cell. Coverage can therefore be sparse in less populated areas or away from shipping lanes(McSweeney, New, & Lizcano, n.d.). According to this data the annual mean temperature is 26.3°C with the warmer months from June to August at 27.9°C and cooler months between December and February at 24.6°C. This is considerably lower than the temperatures reported by the Cruise Center on Grand Turk which gives average temperatures of 29-32°C between June and October, sometimes reaching 35°C, and 27-29°C between November and May (Grand Turk Cruise Center, 2011). The Country Poverty Assessment reported temperatures lower than the gridded dataset for winter temperatures (21°C) and comparable values for the summer temperatures (over 27°C) (Kairi Consultants Limited, 2000a). Rainfall in the gridded datasets shows the annual average as 77.1 mm per month, with large inter-annual variability and the driest months between December and February (52.9 mm per month). Wind speed is typically 7 m/s with relative humidity at 78.9%. The islands have been impacted by a number of intense hurricane systems, most recently in August 2011 by Hurricane Irene. Other systems of note include Hurricanes Hanna and Ike in 2008, Frances in 2004, Kate in 1985, Donna in 1960 (Hurricane City, n.d.). 2.2. Socio-economic profile According to the Caribbean Development Bank, in 2006 the Turks and Caicos Islands, a British Overseas Territory, were classified as a Less Developed Country (LDC) (CDB, 2006). The last census was held in 2001 and at that time there were 19,886 people with an almost even gender mix and 52% were Belongers (born to at least one parent who has Belonger status). The majority (65%) lived on Providenciales and 20% on Grand Turk (DEPS, 2009). A number of estimations are available for more recent total population statistics, but with considerable variation from 30,600 in mid-2005 (CDB, 2006) to 36,605 in 2008 (DEPS, 2009). The ECLAC estimate for 2010 is 33,000 (ECLAC, 2010a). An updated census is due to take place this year, but given the current political situation in the country there are no plans to undertake a census at this time. Table 2.2.1 shows that GDP in the Turks & Caicos Islands has grown steadily between 2002 and 2007. Data for more recent years was not easily available, but it is reported that following the damage inflicted by Hurricane Ike in 2008 and the global recession, the country faces an economic crisis (Government of the Turks and Caicos Islands , n.d.; RLB, 2010). 6
Table 2.2.1: Gross Domestic Product for the Turks & Caicos Islands 2000-2010 YEAR Gross Domestic Product In Constant 2000 Market Prices US $ (millions) Growth rate 2000 319.4 2001 341.9 7% 2002 345.9 1% 2003 378.2 9% 2004 421.3 11% 2005 481.9 14% 2006 568.1 18% 2007 (prelim) 632.1 11% (Source: DEPS, 2008a) The economy of the country was initially based on the salt industry in Grand Turk, Salt Cay and South Caicos and the industry remained the main economic activity of the Turks Islands until the 1960s when it fully collapsed leaving fishing as the main export sector. The diversification seen today was initiated by private investment in tourism infrastructure in Providenciales (see Section 2.3) and with the emergence of Offshore Financial Services (Kairi Consultants Limited, 2000a). US bases and a tracking station on Grand Turk also assisted the economy, but these were closed in 1980 and 1983 respectively with a negative impact on the economy and on employment. In the 1980s, fishing (conch and lobster in particular) provided a boost to export earnings. Budgetary support from the British Government through Grant-Aid (established in the 1950s) has been discontinued, and assistance now comes mainly in respect of development aid, with the Turks and Caicos currently benefitting from both the Basic Needs Trust Fund and the Special Development Fund (SDF) of the Caribbean Development Bank (Hughes, 2011; Kairi Consultants Limited, 2000a). Table 2.2.2 provides a more recent breakdown of the sectors contributing to GDP and the evolution of some sectors is presented graphically in Figure 2.2.1. 7
Page 1 and 2: Caribbean Regional Headquarters Has
Page 3 and 4: 4.3.4. Women and Youth in TCI Agric
Page 5 and 6: 6.3. Energy Supply and Distribution
Page 7 and 8: Figure 5.8.2: Relationship status o
Page 9 and 10: Table 4.1.2: Availability of water
Page 11 and 12: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The CARIBSAVE Part
Page 13 and 14: The field work components of the re
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
Page 17 and 18: UKOT ----------------- United Kingd
Page 19 and 20: Overview Of Climate Change Issues I
Page 21 and 22: The field study sites include notab
Page 23 and 24: coastal infrastructure and settleme
Page 25 and 26: Perceptions of vulnerability in the
Page 27 and 28: Energy and Tourism Tourism is an in
Page 29 and 30: Reviewing and considering the feasi
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Page 35 and 36: Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity
Page 37 and 38: terrestrial habitats for the purpos
Page 39 and 40: 1. GLOBAL AND REGIONAL CONTEXT The
Page 41 and 42: damages from intense climatic condi
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Page 49 and 50: oom for expansion of the fin fisher
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Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3.4: GCM and RCM projected
Page 59 and 60: Relative humidity data has not been
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Page 63 and 64: Annual Table 3.8.1: Observed and GC
Page 65 and 66: Annual DJF MAM JJA SON Annual DJF M
Page 67 and 68: frequency in the last 1,500 years b
Page 69 and 70: thermal expansion, with only a cons
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Page 73 and 74: Table 4.1.2: Availability of water
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Page 77 and 78: 4.2. Energy Supply and Distribution
Page 79 and 80: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Page 81 and 82: Table 4.2.3: Assessment of CO2 emis
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Page 87 and 88: Figure 4.2.5: Crude oil prices 1869
Page 89 and 90: Climate policy Figure 4.2.6: Fuel c
Page 91 and 92: taxes can also be a highly transpar
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4.3. Agriculture and Food Security
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Caicos Islands stems from the fact
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Table 4.4.1: Selected statistics re
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2000). Thus, despite the fact that
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Table 4.4.3: Reported cases of gast
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4.5. Marine and Terrestrial Biodive
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Table 4.5.1: Turks and Caicos Islan
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Status of wetlands Over half of the
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and enforcing adequate coastal setb
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Turtle fishery At least two species
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Vulnerability of coral reefs to cli
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Figure 4.5.4: Unusual amount of Sar
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Figure 4.6.1: Grand Turk, The Turks
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Table 4.6.1: Impacts associated wit
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to identify individual properties,
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Figure 4.6.6: Total beach and land
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the tourism sector as well, since t
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Hurricane Irene (2011) Figure 4.7.2
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4.7.3. Vulnerability of the tourism
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greater burden of care as poorer ho
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CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS DIRECT INDIR
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Partnership based on the establishe
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each gender group is of the opinion
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entity. One of the key resources ne
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5. ADAPTIVE CAPACITY PROFILE FOR TH
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The institutional and regulatory fr
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5.1.3. Technology Hydrological and
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equested a rate review to rebalance
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Table 5.2.1: Average weighted emiss
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agree that switching off air condit
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Note: Savings costs of energy effic
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Vast options exist to reduce energy
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5.4. Human Health 5.4.1. Policy The
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Table 5.4.1: Summary effects on the
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weaker social infrastructure. Conti
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end the Turks and Caicos Islands ar
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5.5.3. Technology A high degree of
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Table 5.6.1: Summary of adaptation
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5.6.2. Technology - Soft Engineerin
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5.7. Comprehensive Natural Disaster
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Table 5.7.1: Enhanced Comprehensive
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Related work in needs and vulnerabi
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Early Warning Systems (EWS) An EWS
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50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10%
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distributions based on the gender o
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significant differences in househol
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Table 5.8.13: Source of food supply
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45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0%
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Social Protection Provision Table 5
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Table 5.8.24: Sample distribution b
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Subsistence Agricultural land (16%)
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Resource Importance River / Stream
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In the event of a hurricane, 90.3%
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Event Hurricane Flooding Storm Surg
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Table 5.8.37: Household Adaptation
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Assessments focussing on the links
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Provide gender disaggregated data a
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Short Term Actions Reassess water p
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Long Term Actions Pursue the concep
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Area Management Foundation (C-CAM)
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6.8. Comprehensive Natural Disaster
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The Fire Service is government-run,
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7. CONCLUSION 7.1. Climate Modellin
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7.3. Energy Supply and Distribution
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7.7. Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge
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REFERENCES Alcamo, J., Moreno, J. M
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CAREC. (2008a). Caribbean Epidemiol
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Contreras-Lisperguer, R., & de Cuba
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http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUA
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Government of the Turks and Caicos
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Hu, A., Meehl, G., Han, W., & Yin,
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Lime Turks & Caicos Islands. (2011)
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OECD (2010). Taxation, Innovation a
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Stern, N. (2006). The Economics of
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Wetherell, G. (2010). Third Quarter
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Turks and Caicos Islands

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